Admin: Yeni sayfa: "Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate during the '''Bahri Mamluks'''.]] {{History of the Turks pre-14th c..."

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Yeni sayfa: "Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate during the '''Bahri Mamluks'''.]] {{History of the Turks pre-14th c..."

Yeni sayfa

[[Image:Bahri Dynasty 1250 - 1382 (AD).PNG|thumb|400px|The [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate]] during the '''Bahri Mamluks'''.]]
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}
The '''Bahriyya Mamluks''' or '''Bahri dynasty''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: '''Bahri Hanedanı''', ''al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya'' - المماليك البحرية) was a [[Mamluk]] [[dynasty]] of mostly [[Cumans|Cuman]]-[[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin that ruled the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate]] from 1250 to 1382. They followed the [[Ayyubids|Ayyubid dynasty]], and were succeeded by a second Mamluk dynasty, the [[Burji dynasty]].

Their name ''"Bahriyya"'' means 'of the river', referring to the location of their original settlement on [[Al-Rodah Island]] in the Nile (''Nahr al-Nil'') in [[History of Cairo|Medieval Cairo]]<ref>There is another theory about the origin of the name which states that they were called 'Bahariyya' because they came by sea or from over sea. (Shayyal, 110/vol.2 )</ref> at the castle of Al-Rodah which was built by the [[Ayyubids|Ayyubid]] Sultan [[as-Salih Ayyub]]<ref>(Al-Maqrizi, p. 441/vol.1 ) - (Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Year 647H - Death of as-Sailih Ayyub) - (Ibn Taghri/vol.6 - Year 639H )</ref><ref>After the Castle of al- Rodah was built, As-Salih moved with his Mamluks to it and lived there. (Al-Maqrizi, p.405/vol. 1 ). Later, the Mamluk Sultans lived at the Citadel of the Mountain which was situated on the Muqatam Mountain in Cairo (Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz, p. 327/vol.3 ) where the [[Mosque of Muhammad Ali]] and the remains of the 12th century [[Cairo Citadel|Saladin Citadel of Cairo]] stand now.</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)}}
The [[Mamluk]]s formed one of the most powerful and wealthiest empires of the time, lasting from 1250 to 1517 in [[Egypt]], [[North Africa]], and the [[Levant]]—[[Near East]].

===Development===
In 1250, when the [[Ayyubid]] sultan [[as-Salih Ayyub]] died, the Mamluks he had owned as slaves murdered his son and heir [[al-Muazzam Turanshah]], and [[Shajar al-Durr]] the widow of as-Salih became the Sultana of Egypt. She married the [[Atabeg]] (commander in chief) [[Emir]] [[Aybak]] and abdicated, Aybak becoming Sultan. He ruled from 1250 to 1257.<ref>(Al-Maqrizi pp. 444-494. vol/1 ) (Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Years 647H - 655H ) (Ibn Taghri/vol.6 - Year 646H )</ref><ref>See also [[Shajar al-Durr]] and [[Aybak]] .</ref>

The Mamluks consolidated their power in ten years and eventually established the Bahri Mamluks. They were helped by the [[Mongols]]' sack of [[Baghdad]] in 1258, which effectively destroyed the [[Abbasid caliphate]]. [[Cairo]] became more prominent as a result and remained a Mamluk capital thereafter.

The Mamluks were powerful cavalry warriors mixing the practices of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] steppe peoples from which they were drawn and the organizational and technological sophistication and horsemanship of the Arabs. In 1260 the Mamluks defeated a Mongol army at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] in present-day [[Israel]] and eventually forced the invaders to retreat to the area of modern-day [[Iraq]].<ref>Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Taking of Aleppo's Castle by the Mongols and new events in the Levant.</ref> The defeat of the Mongols at the hands of the Mamluks enhanced the position of the Mamluks in the southern [[Mediterranean basin]].<ref>Shayyal, p. 123/vol.2</ref><ref>The victory of the Mamluks against the Mongols brought an end to the Ayyubid's claim in Egypt and the [[Levant]] . Ayyubid Emirs recognized the Mamluk Sultan as their sovereign. (Shayyal, p.126/vol.2 )</ref> [[Baibars]], one of the leaders at the battle, became the new Sultan after the assassination of Sultan [[Qutuz]] on the way home.<ref>(Al-Maqrizi, p.519/vol.1 ) - (Ibn Taghri/ vol.7 )</ref><ref>Qutuz was assassinated near al-Salihiyah, Egypt. Those murdered him were emir Badr ad-Din Baktut, emir Ons and emir Bahadir al-Mu'izzi. (Al-Maqrizi, p. 519/vol.1 )</ref>

In 1250 [[Baibars]] was one of the Mamluk commanders who defended Al Mansurah<ref>See [[Battle of Al Mansurah]] .</ref> against the Crusade knights of [[Louis IX of France]], who was later definitely defeated, captured in Fariskur and ransomed.<ref>See [[Battle of Fariskur]]</ref> Baibars had also taken part in the Mamluk takeover of [[Egypt]]. In 1261, after he became a Sultan, he established a puppet Abbasid caliphate in [[Cairo]],<ref>Sultan Baibars recognized the Sovereignty of [[Al-Mustansir II of Cairo|Abu al-Qasim Ahmad]] as the [[Abbasid Caliph in Cairo]] only in religious matters after a few Bedouins witnessed before the supreme judge of Egypt that he was the son of the Abbasid Caliph [[Az-Zahir (Abbasid caliph)|Al-Zahir Billah]]. The Caliph took the name al-Mustansir Billah. (Shayyal, p. 132/vol.2 ) - (Ibn Taghri/ vol.7 ) - (Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Murder of al-Malik al-Nasir Yusuf) . Though the Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo during the Mamluk era legitimated the sovereignty of the Mamluks' Sultans, the Caliphs were actually powerless. However, contrary to the Ayyubids who were to some degree dependent on the Abbasid Chaliph in Baghdad, the fact that the Chaliph lived in Cairo gave the Mamluks independency and full freedom of action.</ref> and the Mamluks fought the remnants of the [[Crusader state]]s in Palestine until they finally captured [[Akko|Acre]] in 1291.<ref>See [[al-Ashraf Khalil]]</ref>

====Tatars====
Many [[Tatar]]s settled in Egypt and were employed by Baibars.<ref>In 1262, during the reign of Sultan Baibars, many Tartars from the Golden Horde tribe escaped from Hulagu to Egypt and were followed later by other Tartars. Baibars welcomed the Tartars and employed them in the army. They had their own army unit which was called al-Firqah al-Wafidiyah (the arrivals unite). Throughout the Mamluk era, the [[Wafidiyya]] (arriving Tartars) were free men and the Mamluk system did not apply to them. Baibars resided the Tartars in Cairo and gave them various official posts. The largest group of Tartars immigrated to Egypt in 1296 during the reign of Sultan [[Kitbugha]] who was himself of Mongol origin. They resided at the district of al-Hisiniyah in Cairo and many of their women married Mamluk Emirs. (Shayyal, p. 144/vol. 2)</ref><ref name="Ibn Taghri/ vol.7">Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7</ref> He defeated the Mongols at the [[battle of Elbistan]]<ref>(Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/Year 675H- Al-Malik Al-Zahir entering land of the Roum) - (Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7)</ref> and sent the [[Abbasid]] Caliph with only 250 men to attempt to retake Baghdad, but was unsuccessful. In 1266 he devastated [[Cilician Armenia]] and in 1268 he recaptured [[Principality of Antioch|Antioch]] from the Crusaders.<ref>(Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Soldiers entering the land of the Armenians) - (Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7)</ref><ref>Cilician Armenia was devastated by Sultan Baibars's commander [[Qalawun]] upon the [[Battle of Mari]] in 1266. The Principality of Antioch was destroyed by Sultan Baibars in 1268.</ref> In addition, he fought the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuks]],<ref>Baibars defeated both the Seljuks and the Mongols at the [[battle of Elbistan]]. (Shayyal, p. 138/vol. 2)</ref> and [[Hashshashin]]; he also extended Muslim power into [[Nubia]]<ref name="Ibn Taghri/ vol.7" /> for the first time, before his death in 1277.

Sultan [[Qalawun]] defeated a rebellion in Syria that was led by Sunqur al-Ashqar in 1280,<ref>Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ Year 697H.</ref><ref>Shams ad-Din Sunqur al-Ashqar was a prominent emir and one of the most devoted Bahri emirs since the days of Sultan Baibars. He was taken prisoner by the Armenians and was freed in exchange for [[Leo II, King of Armenia|Leo]] the son of King [[Hethum I, King of Armenia]] who was captured during the invasion of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] in 1266. During the reign of Baibars' son [[Solamish]], he was the deputy of the Sultan in Damascus. During the reign of Qalawun, Sunqur al-Ashqar proclaimed himself a Sultan while in Damascus, taking the royal name al-Malik al-Kamil.

====Mongols====
Sultan Sunqur al-Ashqar fought a few battles against Sultan Qalawun's Emirs but was pardoned later after he joined Qalawun's army against the Mongols. (Al-Maqrizi, p. 51, 121, 127, 131-133, 145/vol. 2 )</ref> and also defeated another Mongol invasion in 1281 that was led by [[Abaqa]] outside [[Homs]].<ref>(Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Year 688H ) - (Shayyal, p. 165/vol.2 )</ref> After the Mongol threat passed he recaptured [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] from the Crusaders in 1289.<ref>(Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ 688HYear) - (Shayyal, 168/vol. 2 )</ref> His son [[Al-Ashraf Khalil|Khalil]] captured [[Akko|Acre]], the last Crusader city, in 1291.<ref>Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Year 690H</ref><ref>See [[Al-Ashraf Khalil]] .</ref>

[[Image:Golden Horde 1389.svg|left|175px|thumb|Territory of the [[Golden Horde]] in 1389]]
The Mongols renewed their invasion in 1299,<ref>Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ Year 699H</ref> but were again defeated in 1303.<ref>Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Year 702H</ref><ref>See [[Battle of Shaqhab]]</ref> The Egyptian Mamluk Sultans entered into relations with the [[Golden Horde]] who converted to Islam<ref>Sultan Baibars sent his first emissaries to [[Berke Khan]] the ruler of the Golden Horde in 1261. (Shayyal, p. 141/vol2)</ref> and established a peace pact with the Mongols<ref name="Shayyal, p.187/vol.2">Shayyal, p. 187/vol. 2</ref> in 1322.

Sultan [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] married a Mongol princess in 1319. His diplomatic relations were more extensive than those of any previous Sultan, and included [[Bulgaria]]n, [[India]]n, and [[Ethiopia|Abyssinian]] potentates, as well as the [[pope]], the [[List of Aragonese monarchs|king of Aragon]] and the [[List of French monarchs|king of France]].<ref>Shayyal, pp. 187–188 /vol.2</ref> Al-Nasir Muhammad organized the re-digging of a canal in 1311 which connected [[Alexandria]] with the [[Nile]].<ref name="Shayyal, p.187/vol.2" /> He died in 1341.

===Dissolution===
The constant changes of sultans that followed led to great disorder in the provinces. Meanwhile, in 1349 Egypt and the Levant in general were introduced to [[Black Death]], which is said to have carried off many lives of the inhabitants.<ref>Shayyal, p.194/vol.2</ref><ref>The Black Death probably began in Central Asia and spread to Europe by the late 1340s. The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75 million people; there were an estimated 25-50 million deaths in Europe. - (Wikipedia / Article [[Black Death]].)</ref>

In 1382 the last Bahri Sultan [[Al-Salih Hajji|Hajji II]] was dethroned and the Sultanate was taken over by the [[Circassians|Circassian]] Emir [[Barquq]]. He was expelled in 1389 but returned to power in 1390, setting up the succeeding [[Burji dynasty]].<ref>Al-Maqrizi, pp.140-142/vol.5</ref>

==Military organization==
On a general level, the military during the Bahri Mamluks period can be divided into several aspects

*Mamluks : the core of both the political and military base, these slave soldiers were further divided into Khassaki (comparable to imperial guards), Royal Mamluks ( Mamluks directly under the command of the Sultan) and regular Mamluks (usually assigned to local [[Amirs]]).
*Al-Halqa : the primarily free born professional forces, they are also directly under the sultan's command.
*[[Wafidiyya]] : These are Turks and Mongols that migrated to the dynasty's border after the Mongol invasion, typically given land grants in exchange for military service, they are well regarded forces.
*Other levies : Primarily [[Bedouin]] tribes, but also on different occasions also different groups of [[Turkmen people|Turkomans]] and other settled Arabs.

An outstanding achievement of Mamluk army were their success defeating the [[Ilkhanate]] Mongol army which considered invincible on the field in that era has outlined the major parts of the military quality of the Mamluk. training manuals of the Egyptian Mamluks and others reveal the methods that could produce the remarkable skills of slave soldiers mamluks. The Egyptian Mamluks were expected to be able to shoot three arrows in one and a half seconds; and capable to strike with the sword, while galloping, three times a second. They are also able to outshooting Mongols cavalry.<ref name="On this archery, see Taybugha, Saracen Archery, J.D. Latham and W.F. Paterson ed. and trans. (London: Holland, 1970), 138 pt. vii, and 142, pt. 5; and Anon., Arab Archery, N.A. Faris and R.P. Elmer ed. and trans. (Princeton, 1945), 150-51. I have discussed the archery techniques of the Mongols and the Egyptian Mamluks, and their tactical implications, in Mongol Society and Military in the Middle East: Antecedents and Adaptations, in War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th-15th Centuries, Y.Lev ed. (Leiden: Brill, 1997).">{{cite web|last1=Smith, Jr.|first1=John Masson|title=MONGOL ARMIES AND INDIAN CAMPAIGNS|url=http://www.mongolianculture.com/MONGOL-ARMIES.htm|website=mongolian culture|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|accessdate=4 November 2015|ref=Ala al-Din Juvaini, The History of the World-Conqueror, J.A. Boyle trans. (Cambridge MA: Harvard UP, 1958), I, 141-42.}}</ref>

Another reason was recorded by Ibn Battuta that the Mongol horses were suffered by the climate of summer. Which is the similar reason the [[Chagatai Khanate]] was defeated by Mamluk dynasty of India counterpart led by [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]], who also possessed military might in similar quality with Mamluk of Egypt, as Amir Khusrau remarks "Although each year the Mongols come from Khurasan, (they) yield up their ghosts wherever the Turks send the showers of their fatal arrows."<ref name="The second suggestive text comes from the work of the Muslim traveller, Ibn Batuta: Horses are exported [from the Golden Horde] to India (in droves), each one numbering six thousand or more or less …. When they reach the land of Sind with their horses, they feed them with forage, because the vegetation of the land of Sind does not take the place of barley, and the greater part of the horses die or are stolen">{{cite web|title=Ibn Batuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, H.A.R. Gibb trans. (Cambridge UK: Cambridge UP, 1962), II, 478.|url=http://www.mongolianculture.com/MONGOL-ARMIES.htm#_ftn3}}</ref><ref>A. Wink, Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, II (Leiden: Brill, 1991), 207.|url=http://www.mongolianculture.com/MONGOL-ARMIES.htm#_ftn3</ref>

==List of Bahri Sultans==
{|width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=20% | Titular Name(s)
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=17% | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=7% | Reign
|-
|align="center"|''al-Malikah Ismat ad-Din Umm-Khalil'' الملکہ عصمہ الدین أم خلیل 
|align="center"| [[Shajar al-Durr]] شجر الدر
|align="center"|1250
|-
|align="center"|''al-Malik al-Mu'izz Izz al-Din Aybak al-Jawshangir al-Turkmani al-Salihi'' الملک المعز عز الدین أیبک الترکمانی الجاشنکیر الصالحی
|align="center"| [[Aybak|Izz-ad-Din Aybak]] عز الدین أیبک
|align="center"|1250–1257
|-
|- style="background:yellow"
|align="center"|''Sultan Al-Ashraf'' سلطان الاشرف
|align="center"| [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt|Muzaffar-ad-Din Musa]] مظفر الدین موسی
|align="center"|1250–1252
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan Al-Mansur'' سلطان المنصور 
|align="center"| [[Al-Mansur Ali|Nur ad-Din Ali]] نور الدین علی
|align="center"|1257–1259
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan Al-Muzaffar'' سلطان المظفر 
|align="center"| [[Qutuz|Sayf ad-Din Qutuz]] سیف الدین قطز
|align="center"|1259–1260
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan Abul-Futuh'' – سلطان ابو الفتوح ''Al-Zahir'' - الظاهر ''Al-Bunduqdari'' - البندقداری
|align="center"| [[Baibars|Rukn-ad-Din Baibars I]] رکن الدین بیبرس 
|align="center"|1260–1277
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan Al-Sa'id Nasir-ad-Din '' سلطان السعید ناصر الدین 
|align="center"| [[Al-Said Barakah|Muhammad Barakah Khan]] محمد برکہ خان
|align="center"|1277–1279
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan Al-Adil'' سلطان العادل 
|align="center"| [[Solamish|Badr-al-Din Solamish]] بدر الدین سُلامش
|align="center"|1279
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Mansur'' – المنصور ''Al-Alfi'' - الالفی As-Salihi - الصالحی
|align="center"| [[Qalawun|Sayf-ad-Din Qalawun]] سیف الدین قلاوون 
|align="center"|1279–1290
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan Al-Ashraf'' سلطان الاشرف
|align="center"| [[Al-Ashraf Salah-ad-Din Khalil|Salah-ad-Din Khalil]] صلاح الدین خلیل
|align="center"|1290–1293
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Nasir'' الناصر 
|align="center"| [[Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad]] ناصر الدین محمد
|align="center"|1293–1294 (''first reign'')
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Adil Al-Turki Al-Mughli'' العادل الترکی المغلی 
|align="center"|[[Al-Adil Kitbugha|Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha]] زین الدین کتبغا 
|align="center"|1294–1297
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Mansur'' المنصور 
|align="center"| [[Lajin|Husam-ad-Din Lachin]] حسام الدین لاچین
|align="center"|1297–1299
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Nasir'' الناصر 
|align="center"| [[Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad]] ناصر الدین محمد
|align="center"|1299–1309 (''Second reign'')
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan Al-Muzaffar Al-Jashankir'' سلطان المظفرالجاشنکیر 
|align="center"| [[Baibars II|Rukn-ad-Din Baibars II]] رکن الدین بیبرس 
|align="center"|1309
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Nasir'' الناصر 
|align="center"| [[Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad]] ناصر الدین محمد
|align="center"|1309–1340 (''Third reign'')
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Mansur'' المنصور 
|align="center"| [[Saif ad-Din Abu-Bakr|Sayf-ad-Din Abu-Bakr]] سیف الدین أبو بکر
|align="center"|1340–1341
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Ashraf'' الأشرف 
|align="center"| [[Kujuk|Ala-ad-Din Kujuk]] علاء الدین کجک
|align="center"|1341–1342
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan Al-Nasir '' سلطان الناصر 
|align="center"| [[An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt|Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad]] شھاب الدین أحمد
|align="center"|1342
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan As-Salih'' سلطان الصالح 
|align="center"| [[As-Salih Ismail, Sultan of Egypt|Imad-ad-Din Ismail]] عماد الدین إسماعیل
|align="center"|1342–1345
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan Al-Kamil'' سلطان الکامل 
|align="center"| [[Al-Kamil Sha'ban|Sayf-ad-Din Shaban I]] سیف الدین شعبان اول
|align="center"|1345–1346
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan Al-Muzaffar'' سلطان المظفر 
|align="center"| [[al-Muzaffar Hajji|Sayf-ad-Din Hajji I]] سیف الدین حاجی اول
|align="center"|1346–1347
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali'' الناصر أبو المعالی
|align="center"| [[An-Nasir Hasan|Badr-ad-Din Hasan]] بدر الدین الحسن
|align="center"|1347–1351 (''first reign'')
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan As-Salih'' سلطان الصالح 
|align="center"| [[As-Salih Salih|Salah-ad-Din Salih]] صلاح الدین بن محمد
|align="center"|1351–1354
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali Nasir-ad-Din'' الناصر أبو المعالی ناصر الدین 
|align="center"| [[An-Nasir Hasan|Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan]] بدر الدین الحسن
|align="center"|1354–1361 (''second reign'')
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Mansur'' المنصور 
|align="center"| [[Salah-ad-Din Muhammad]] صلاح الدین محمد
|align="center"|1361–1363
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Ma'ali '' الأشرف أبو المعالی 
|align="center"| [[Al-Ashraf Sha'ban|Zayn-ad-Din Shaban II]] زین الدین شعبان ثانی
|align="center"|1363–1376
|-
|align="center"|''Al-Mansur'' المنصور 
|align="center"| [[Ala-ad-Din Ali]] علاء الدین علی
|align="center"|1376–1382
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan As-Salih'' سلطان الصالح
|align="center"| [[Al-Salih Hajji|Salah-ad-Din Hajji II]] صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی
|align="center"|1382
|- style="background:silver"
|align="center"|''Al-Zahir'' الظاہر 
|align="center"| [[Barquq|Sayf-ad-Din Barquq]] سیف الدین برقوق 
|align="center"|1382–1389
|-
|align="center"|''Sultan As-Salih Al-Muzaffar Al-Mansur'' سلطان الصالح المظفر المنصور
|align="center"| [[Al-Salih Hajji|Salah-ad-Din Hajji II]] صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی
|align="center"|1389
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| [[Burji dynasty]] takes over [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)]] under [[Barquq|Sayf-ad-Din Barquq]] in 1389–90 C.E.
|}
* ''Yellow shaded row signifies nominal rule of [[Ayyubid dynasty]] under Sultan [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt|al-Ashraf Musa]] 1250–1254''.
** ''Silver shaded row signifies interruption in the rule of Bahri Mamluks by [[Burji dynasty]].''

==See also==
{{Commons category|Bahri dynasty}}
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Timeline of Turks (500-1300)]]
*[[List of Turkic dynasties and countries]]
*[[Aybak]]
*[[History of Arab Egypt]]
*[[Mamluk]]
*[[Qala'un Mosque]]
*[[Shajar al-Durr]]
*[[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]
*[[Nâçerî]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*[[Abu al-Fida]], [[The Concise History of Humanity or Chronicles|The Concise History of Humanity]].
* Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
* Idem in English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
* Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar,Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996, ISBN 977-241-175-X
* Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte,Paris 1895.
* Ayalon, D.: ''The Mamluk Military Society''. London, 1979.
*[[Ibn Taghri]], al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
* Idem in English: History of Egypt, by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954.
* Shayyal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_wqaKAAACAAJ&hl=en Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah] (History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266, ISBN 977-02-5975-6
*[http://www.sumitbahri.com www.SumitBahri.com: website]

{{Turkic topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahri Dynasty}}
[[Category:Bahri dynasty| 01]]
[[Category:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)]]
[[Category:Turkic dynasties]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Kipchaks]]
[[Category:1250 establishments in the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)]]
[[Category:1382 disestablishments in the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)]]
[[Category:13th century in the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)]]
[[Category:14th century in the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)]]
[[Category:Cuman dynasties]]

Bahri Mamluks - Değişiklik geçmişi

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