Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Warbox |conflict=Battle of Köse Dağ |partof=the Mongol invasions of Anatolia |campaign= |image=260px |caption=The Mongols chasin..."

2017-03-31T17:25:19Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{Warbox |conflict=Battle of Köse Dağ |partof=the Mongol invasions of Anatolia |campaign= |image=260px |caption=The Mongols chasin..."

Yeni sayfa

{{Warbox
|conflict=Battle of Köse Dağ
|partof=the [[Mongol invasions of Anatolia]]
|campaign=
|image=[[File:Bataille de Közä Dagh (1243).jpeg|260px]]
|caption=The Mongols chasing the Seljuqs. Hayton of Corycus, Fleur des histoires d'orient.
|date=June 26, 1243
|place=Kösedağ (about 60 km east of [[Sivas]])<ref>Enver Behnan Şapolyo: ''Selçuklu İmparatorluğu tarihi'', Güven Matbaasi, 1972, page 191 {{tr}}</ref>
|casus=
|territory=
|result=Decisive Mongol victory The Sultanate of Anatolia and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols.
|combatant1=[[Mongol Empire]] [[Mongol Armenia|Armenian]] & [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian]] mercenaries<ref>John Freely, ''Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor since the Days of Troy'', (I.B. Tauris, 2010), 143.</ref>
|combatant2= [[Sultanate of Rum]] [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian]] auxiliaries [[Empire of Trebizond|Trapezuntine]] auxiliaries [[Latin Empire|Latin]] mercenaries
|commander1=[[Baiju]]
|commander2=[[Kaykhusraw II]] Pharadavla of Akhaltsikhe [[File:Sakartvelo - drosha.svg|border|22px]] Dardin Sharvashisdze {{KIA}}
|strength1=30,000<ref name="akbas">S. Burhanettin Akbaş: ''Kayseri yöresine yerleşen Türk boyları ve akraba topluluklar'', Geçit, 1997, page 45 {{tr}} [Source states= Mongol army: 30,000 men; Seljuq army: 70,000 men]</ref><ref name="tds">Ali Çimen, Göknur Akçadağ Göğebakan: ''Tarihi değiştiren savaşlar ([[English language|engl.:]] Wars that changed history)'' ,Timaş Yayınevi, 2. Edition, 2007, ISBN 975-263-486-9, pg 134 {{tr}} [Source states= Mongol army: 30,000 men; Seljuq army: 80,000 men]</ref>-40,000<ref name="koroglu">Hüseyin Köroğlu: ''Konya ve Anadolu medreseleri'', Fen Yayınevi, 1999, pages 29, 367. {{tr}}</ref><ref name="anadolu">[[Anadolu University]], ''I. Uluslararası Seyahatnamelerde Türk ve Batı İmajı Sempozyumu belgeleri: 28. X-1 XI. 1985'', page 28 {{tr}} [Source states: Mongol army= 40,000 men; Seljuq army= 60,000 men]</ref>
|strength2=60,000<ref name="akbas"/><ref name="anadolu"/>-80,000<ref name="tds"/> (20,000–25,000 participated, the rest deserted)<ref name="koroglu"/><ref name="sevimmercil">Ali Sevim, Erdoğan Merçil: ''Selçuklu devletleri tarihi: siyaset, teşkilât ve kültür'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1995, ISBN 9789751606907, page 472 {{tr}}</ref><ref>Murat Ocak: ''The Turks: Middle ages'', Yeni Türkiye, 2002, ISBN 9756782552</ref><ref name="nuriunlu"/>
|casualties1=unknown
|casualties2=3,000 killed<ref name="koroglu"/>
}}
{{Campaignbox Mongol invasions}}
The '''Battle of Köse Dağ''' was fought between the [[Sultanate of Rum]] ruled by the [[Seljuq dynasty]] and the [[Mongol Empire]] on June 26, 1243 at the [[defile (geography)|defile]] of Köse Dağ, ({{lang-hy|Չման-կատուկ}} ''Ch'man-katuk''), a location between [[Erzincan]] and [[Gümüşhane]] in modern northeastern [[Turkey]];<ref>Anthony Bryer and David Winfield, ''The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos'', vol. 1, (Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1985) 172, 353.</ref><ref>''Köy Köy Türkiye Yol Atlası'' (Istanbul: Mapmedya, 2006), map 61.</ref> the Mongols achieved a decisive victory.

== Background ==
During the reign of [[Ögedei Khan]], the Sultanate of Rum offered friendship and a modest tribute to [[Chormaqan]], a [[kheshig]] and one of the Mongols' greatest generals.<ref>C. P. Atwood, ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', p. 555</ref> Under [[Kaykhusraw II]], however, the Mongols began to pressure the [[sultan]] to go to [[Mongolia]] in person, give hostages and accept a Mongol ''[[darughachi]]''.

==Battle==
Under the leadership of [[Baiju]], the Mongol commander, the Mongols attacked Rum in the winter of 1242-1243 and seized the city of [[Erzurum]]. Sultan Kaykhusraw II immediately called on his neighbours to contribute troops to resist the invasion. The [[Empire of Trebizond]] sent a detachment and the sultan engaged a group of "[[Frangistan|Frankish]]" mercenaries.<ref>Claude Cahen, ''Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history'', trans. J. Jones-Williams, (New York: Taplinger, 1968) 137.</ref> A few [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] nobles such as [[Akhaltsikheli|Shamadavle of Akhaltsikhe]] also joined him, but most Georgians were compelled to fight alongside their Mongol overlords.

The decisive battle was fought at Köse Dağ on June 26, 1243. The primary sources do not record the size of the opposing armies but suggest that the Mongols faced a numerically superior force.<ref>Claude Cahen, “Köse Dagh” ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', ed. by P. Bearman, et al. (Brill 2007)</ref> Baiju brushed aside an apprehensive notice from his Georgian officer regarding the size of the Seljuq army by stating that they counted as nothing the numbers of their enemies: "the more they are, the more glorious it is to win, and the more plunder we shall secure".<ref>Henry Desmond Martin, "The Mongol army", ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]'', 1943/1-2, pp. 46–85</ref>

Kaykhusraw II rejected the proposal of his experienced commanders to wait for the Mongol attack. Instead, he sent a force of 20,000 men, led by inexperienced commanders, against the Mongol army.<ref name="sevimmercil"/> The Mongol army, pretending a retreat, turned back, encircled the Seljuq army and defeated it.<ref name="nuriunlu"/>

When the rest of the Seljuq army witnessed their defeat, many Seljuq commanders and their soldiers, including Kaykhusraw II, started to abandon the battlefield.<ref name="sevimmercil"/> Eventually, the Seljuq army was left without leaders and most of their soldiers had deserted, without seeing any combat.<ref name="sevimmercil"/><ref name="nuriunlu">Nuri Ünlü: ''İslâm tarihi 1'', Marmara Üniversitesi, İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı, 1992, ISBN 9755480072, page 492. {{tr}}</ref>

After their victory, the Mongols took control of the cities of [[Sivas]] and [[Kayseri]]. The sultan fled to [[Antalya]] but was subsequently forced to make peace with Baiju and pay a substantial tribute to the Mongol Empire.

==Aftermath==
The defeat resulted in a period of turmoil in Anatolia and led directly to the decline and disintegration of the Seljuq state. The Empire of Trebizond became a vassal state of the Mongol empire. Furthermore, the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] became a vassal state of the Mongols.<ref>İdris Bal, Mustafa Çufalı: ''Dünden bugüne Türk Ermeni ilişkileri'', Nobel, 2003, ISBN 9755914889, page 61.</ref> Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols.<ref>Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach-Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index, p.442</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[[Kirakos of Gandzak]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130503033127/http://rbedrosian.com:80/kg10.htm History of Armenia] (part 35) 13th century
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051109041355/http://www.turkishhan.org:80/history.htm History of Anatolian Seljuks]

{{coord|40.2500|N|39.5500|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kose Dag}}
[[Category:Wars involving the Mongols]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mongols]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sultanate of Rum]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Georgia|Kose Dag]]
[[Category:Battles in medieval Anatolia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1243]]
[[Category:History of Erzincan Province]]
[[Category:History of Gümüşhane Province]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Empire of Trebizond]]
[[Category:1243 in the Kingdom of Georgia]]
[[Category:1243 in the Mongol Empire|Kose Dag]]

Battle of Köse Dağ - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Warbox |conflict=Battle of Köse Dağ |partof=the Mongol invasions of Anatolia |campaign= |image=260px |caption=The Mongols chasin..."