Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox monarch | name = Batu Minien | title = Khan
Shahanshah
TsarJarosław Pelensk ''Russia and Kazan: conquest and..."

2017-03-26T18:00:07Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox monarch | name = Batu Minien | title = Khan<br />Shahanshah<br />Tsar<ref>Jarosław Pelensk ''Russia and Kazan: conquest and..."

Yeni sayfa

{{Infobox monarch
| name = Batu Minien
| title = [[Khan (title)|Khan]]<br />[[Shahanshah]]<br />[[Tsar]]<ref>Jarosław Pelensk ''Russia and Kazan: conquest and imperial ideology (1438-1560s)'', p.121</ref>
| image = Цар Батий на престолі.jpg
| caption = Batu Khan on the throne of the [[Golden Horde]].
| reign = 1227–1255
| coronation = 1224/1225 or 1227
| full name =
| predecessor = [[Jochi]]
| successor = [[Sartak]]
| queen = Borakchin [[Khatun]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = [[Borjigin]]
| dynasty = [[Golden Horde]]
| father = [[Jochi]]
| mother = Ukhaa Ujin of the [[Onggirat]]
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|1207}}
| birth_place = [[Mongolia]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1255|1207}}
| death_place = [[Sarai Batu]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
}}

'''Batu Khan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑː|t|uː|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}}; {{lang-mn|Бат хаан, ''Bat hán''}}, {{lang-ru|хан Баты́й, ''khan Batý''}}, {{zh|拔都 ''Bá dū''}}, {{lang-tt|Бату хан|Baty xan|باتو خان}}; c. 1207–1255), also known as '''Sain Khan''' ({{lang-mn|Good Khan}}, Сайн хаан, ''Sain hán'') and '''Tsar Batu''',<ref>Jack Weatherford ''Genghis Khan'', p.150</ref> was a [[Mongols|Mongol]] ruler and founder of the [[Golden Horde]], division of the [[Mongol Empire]]. Batu was a son of [[Jochi]] and grandson of [[Genghis Khan]]. His ''ulus'' was the chief state of the Golden Horde, which ruled [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']], [[Volga Bulgaria]], [[Cumania]], and the [[Caucasus]] for around 250 years, after also destroying the armies of Poland and Hungary. "Batu" or "Bat" literally means "firm" in the [[Mongolian language]]. After the deaths of Genghis Khan's sons, he became the most respected prince called ''agha'' (elder brother) in the Mongol Empire.

== Early years ==

After his son [[Jochi]]'s death, [[Genghis Khan]] assigned Jochi's appanages to his sons. But the [[Great Khan]] installed Batu as Khan of the [[Golden Horde]] (also known as the Ulus of Jochi or Kipchak Khanate). Jochi's eldest son, [[Orda Khan]], also agreed that Batu should succeed their father. Genghis Khan's youngest brother [[Temüge]] attended the coronation ceremony as an official representative of Genghis.<ref>H. H. Howorth ''The history of the Mongols'', p.II, d.II, p.37</ref> When Genghis Khan died in 1227, he left 4,000 Mongol men to Jochi's family. Jochi's lands were divided between Batu and his older brother Orda. Orda's [[White Horde]] ruled the lands roughly between the [[Volga]] river and [[Lake Balkhash]], while Batu's Horde ruled the lands west of the Volga.

In 1229, [[Ögedei]] dispatched three [[Tumen (unit)|tumen]]s under Kukhdei and [[Sundei]] to conquer the tribes on the lower [[Ural River]]. According to [[Abulghazi Bahadur|Abulghazi]], Batu joined Ögedei's [[Mongol-Jin dynasty war|military campaign]] against the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] in [[North China]] while his younger brother was fighting the [[Bashkirs]], the [[Cumans]], the [[Bulghars]] and the [[Alans]] in the west. Despite heavy resistance of their enemies, the Mongols conquered major cities of the [[Jurchens]] and made the Bashkirs their ally. In the 1230s, Ögedei distributed lands in [[Shanxi]], China to Batu and the family of Jochi, but they appointed their officials under the supervision of the Imperial governor likewise in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Persia]].<ref>Thomas T. Allsen ''Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia'', p.45</ref>

== Conquest of Rus' ==
{{main|Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria}}
{{Campaignbox Mongol invasions}}

At the [[kurultai]] in [[Mongolia]] after the end of the [[Mongol-Jin War]], the Great Khan Ögedei ordered Batu to conquer western nations. In 1235 Batu, who earlier had directed the conquest of the [[Crimean Peninsula]], was assigned an army of possibly 130,000 to oversee an invasion of Europe. His relatives and cousins [[Güyük Khan|Güyük]], [[Büri]], [[Möngke Khan|Möngke]], Khulgen, [[Khadan]], [[Baidar]] and notable Mongol generals [[Subutai]] (Subeedei), [[Borolday]], and Mengguser joined him by the order of his uncle Ögedei. The army, actually commanded by [[Subutai]], crossed the [[Volga]] and invaded [[Volga Bulgaria]] in 1236. It took them a year to extinguish the resistance of the [[Volga Bulgaria]]ns, [[Kypchak]]s, and [[Alans|Alani]].

[[File:suzdal-invasion2.jpg|thumb|left|Destruction of the capital of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] by Mongol armies. From the medieval Russian annals]]

In November 1237 Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of [[Yuri II]] of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] and demanded his allegiance. When Yuri refused to surrender the Mongols besieged [[Ryazan]]. After six days of bloody battle, the city was totally annihilated and never restored to its former glory. Alarmed by the news, Yuri II sent his sons to detain the horde, but they were soundly defeated. Having burnt [[Kolomna]] and Moscow, the horde laid siege to the capital of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] on February 4, 1238. Three days later the city was taken and burnt to the ground. The royal family perished in the fire, while the grand prince hastily retreated northward. Crossing the [[Volga]], he mustered a new army, which was totally exterminated by the Mongols [[Battle of the Sit River|on the Sit' River]] on March 4.

Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units, which ransacked fourteen Rus' cities: [[Rostov]], [[Uglich]], [[Yaroslavl]], [[Kostroma]], [[Kashina (village)|Kashin]], [[Ksnyatin]], [[Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Gorodets]], [[Halych]], [[Pereslavl-Zalessky]], [[Yuryev-Polsky (town)|Yuriev-Polsky]], [[Dmitrov]], [[Volokolamsk]], [[Tver]], and [[Torzhok]]. The most difficult to take was the small town of [[Kozelsk]], whose boy-prince Titus and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks. As the story goes, at the news of Mongol approach, the city of [[Kitezh]] was submerged in a lake with all its inhabitants, where it may be seen to this day. Khadan and Buri stormed the city in three days after they joined Batu. The only major cities to escape destruction were [[Smolensk]], which submitted to the Mongols and agreed to pay tribute, and [[Novgorod]] with [[Pskov]], which could not be reached by the Mongols on account of considerable distance and the intervening [[marshlands]].

[[File:Sacking of Suzdal by Batu Khan.jpg|thumb|200px|Warriors of the [[Golden Horde]] sack Suzdal.]]

When Batu drank a cup of wine before the others at the victory banquet, Buri complained of the unfairness of Batu receiving such a vast and fertile steppe, and the Mongol army, along with Güyük and others, ridiculed Batu as an "old woman with beard". They then left the banquet. Batu sent an envoy to his uncle Ögedei to complain of his cousins' rude behavior. Ögedei got angry on hearing the news and recalled Buri and Güyük. According to some sources, Buri, who was sent to his grandfather Chagatai, never returned to join the Mongol conquest of Europe; Güyük returned to the Russian steppe after his father Ögedei harshly criticized him.

In the summer of 1238, Batu Khan devastated the [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]] and pacified [[Mordovia]] and the Kipchak-controlled steppe. In the winter of 1239, he sacked [[Chernigov]] and [[Pereyaslav]]. After several days of siege, [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|the Mongols stormed]] [[Kiev]] in December 1240. Despite fierce resistance by [[Danylo of Halych]], Batu Khan managed to take the two principal capitals of his land, [[Halych]] and [[Volodymyr-Volyns'kyi]]. Ruthenian principalities became [[vassal]]s of the [[Mongol Empire]].

== Invasion of Central Europe ==
{{main|Mongol invasion of Europe}}
The [[Cuman]] [[refugee]]s took shelter in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. Batu sent at least five messengers to [[Béla IV]], the king of Hungary, but they were all killed. For the last time Batu demanded that Bela have the Cumans returned and warned: "It is much easier for the Cumans to escape than it is for you...you dwell in houses and have fixed towns and fortresses, so how will you escape me"?<ref>Michael Prawdin, Gerard (INT) Chaliand ''The Mongol empire'', p.262</ref> Batu Khan then decided to "reach the ultimate sea", where the Mongols could proceed no further. Some modern historians speculate that Batu intended primarily to assure his flanks were safe for the future from possible interference from the Europeans, and partially as a precursor to further conquest. Most believe he intended the conquest of all Europe, as soon as his flanks were safe and his forces ready.

[[File:Tatarsinvade.jpg|thumb|left|Béla IV flees from [[Battle of Mohi|Mohi]], detail from ''[[Chronicon Pictum]]'']]

Having devastated the various Rus' principalities, Subutai and Batu sent spies into Poland, Hungary, and as far as Austria in preparation for an attack into the heartland of Europe. With a clear picture of the European kingdoms, they brilliantly prepared an attack. Batu Khan was the overall leader, but Subutai was the actual commander in the field and as such was present in both the northern and southern campaigns against Rus'. The Mongols invaded central Europe in three groups. One group conquered Poland, defeating a combined force under [[Henry II the Pious]], Duke of Silesia and the Grand Master of the [[Teutonic Order]] at [[Legnica]]. A second crossed the [[Carpathian Mountains]], and a third followed the [[Danube]]. The armies swept the plains of Hungary over the summer, and in the spring of 1242 they regained impetus and extended their control into Austria and [[Dalmatia]], as well as invading [[Moravia|Morava]]; for the first time the Mongol army met its match at Olomouc in 1241 and retreated back to Hungary.

While the northern force under Ögedei's son [[Khadan]] and [[Baidar]], the son of [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]], won the [[Battle of Legnica]], and another army of [[Güyük Khan|Güyük]] or [[Büri]] triumphed in [[Transylvania]], Subutai was waiting for another victory over the [[Magyars]], the [[Croats]], and the [[Templars]] on the Hungarian plain. In 1241, a Tatar (Mongol) army led by Bujek crossed the mountains of the ''Kara Ulagh'' ("Black Vlachs"); Bujek defeated the [[Vlachs]] and one of their leader named [[Mislau|Mišlav]].<ref>Curta, Florin. ''Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500-1250''</ref> After the siege of [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], Batu's army withdrew to the [[Sajo River]] and inflicted a tremendous defeat on King Béla IV and his allies at the [[Battle of Mohi]] on April 11. Khadan, Baidar, and Orda went to Hungary, devastating [[Moravia]] en route. The Mongols appointed a [[darughachi]] in Hungary and minted coins in the name of the Khagan.<ref>[[Michael Prawdin]], Gerard (INT) Chaliand, ''The Mongol empire'', p.268</ref> The country of Béla was assigned to Orda by Batu as an [[appanage]]; Batu sent Khadan in pursuit of Béla, who fled to [[Croatia]].{{source?|date=March 2015}} 

[[File:Batu.gif|thumb|right|150px|Medieval Chinese drawing of young Batu Khan (14th century).]]

The Mongol [[battalion]]s checked the forces of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and [[House of Babenberg|Babenberg Austria]].<ref>H. H. Howorth ''The history of the Mongols'', p.II, d.II, p.48-50</ref> During his campaign in [[Central Europe]], Batu demanded that [[Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor]], dethrone himself, and said: "I am coming to usurp your throne instead of you". The latter only replied that he would make a good falconer, for he understood birds very well.<ref>Albericus Trium Fontium, ''Monumenta'', scriptores, xxiii. 943.</ref> The Emperor and [[Pope Gregory IX]] called for a [[crusade]] against the Mongol Empire, but Europe was plagued by internal strife. Subutai achieved lasting fame with his victories in Europe, as he had in Eastern Persia.

By late 1241, Batu and Subutai were finalizing plans to invade Austria, Italy, and Germany when the news came of the death of Ögedei Khan, who died in December 1241. Batu wanted to continue the war, but Subutai reminded him of the law of [[Yassa]] (Их Засаг). The Mongols withdrew in late spring of 1242, as the Princes of the blood, and Subutai, were recalled to [[Karakorum (palace)|Karakorum]] where the ''[[kurultai]]'' was held. The [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] was forced to acknowledge Batu's [[supremacism|supremacy]]. Batu was a potential [[Great Khan]], but when he failed to gain the title he turned to consolidate his conquests in Asia and the [[Urals]].

== Viceroy and struggle with Güyük ==
Withdrawing from Hungary, Batu made his camps along the banks of the Volga. When the [[Khatun|Great Khatun]] [[Töregene]] invited him to elect the next [[Emperor]] of the Mongol Empire, Batu announced his inability to attend any immediate kurultai, thus delaying the succession for several years. Eventually, Güyük was elected Khagan in 1246, with Batu's brothers representing the Jochid lineage. As one of the oldest members of Chingisid [[Borjigin]], Batu became a [[viceroy]] over all the western parts of the empire, controlling routine affairs among the Russian princes, nominating Jochid retainers as governors of [[Iran]], and receiving in audience grandees from the [[Caucasus]]. At no point, however, did he openly challenge the authority of the Great Khan.

During the absence of Batu, the Mongols who were left behind put to death Mstislav, the prince of [[Rylsk, Russia|Rylsk]], in [[Kievan Rus']]. On his return Batu summoned the Grand prince [[Yaroslav II of Vladimir]] to meet him. Yaroslav was well received by Batu, who confirmed him as [[suzerain]] over the other Russian princes, and gave him authority of Kiev. The princes of Suzdal followed Yaroslav's example. Batu sent Yaroslav to the imperial court of [[Karakorum]] to assist at the inauguration of Güyük Khan in 1246. [[Plano Carpini]], who got approval from Batu to go further, noted that the Great Khan's aunt was executed. At the same time Yaroslav was poisoned in [[Mongolia]].

[[File:SmirnovVS KnMihailChern.jpg|thumb|left|Prince [[Michael of Chernigov]] was passed between fires in accordance with ancient Turco-Mongol tradition. Batu Khan stabbed him to death for his refusal to do obeisance to [[Genghis Khan]]'s shrine in the pagan ritual.]]

Batu had commissaries in the various towns where the dependent Russian princes and other princes held their courts. The princes from Russian states such as Vladimir Constantine, Boris, Gleb, Vasili, Constatantine, Vladimir Constantinovich, Vasil'ko and [[Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich of Vladimir]], went to the court of Batu in person. When [[Michael of Chernigov]], who had murdered the Mongol envoy in Kiev, arrived, the Mongol overseers were engaged in taking a census of the inhabitants for the poll tax. Michael was ordered to repair to Batu. When summoned before Batu, he was made to pass between two fires and ordered to prostrate himself before the tablets of Genghis Khan. Michael replied that he did not object to do obeisance to Batu himself but to adore images of a dead man was repugnant. As he persisted in his refusal, Batu ordered his death.

Danylo of Halych summoned to Batu and diplomatically made obeisance to the Mongols. Batu, addressing him, said "You have for a long time refused to come, but have effaced your ill conduct by your obedience" and saluted him with a draught of [[Kumis|airag]]. They exchanged hostages whereby 100 families of [[Keraites]] were re-settled in [[Carpathian-Galicia]]. After the defeat of the [[Sultanate of Rum]], [[Baiju]] freed [[David VII Ulu]] from [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] imprisonment and sent him to Batu and Güyük. Fearing Baiju's aggressive policy, [[Rusudan of Georgia|Queen Rusudan]] of [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] sent her son [[David VI Narin]] to Batu's court to get official recognition as heir apparent. Batu supported David VI and granted him the rights above the [[Georgian people|Georgian]] and [[Armenia]]n nobles and the Mongol tammachis. But Güyük made David Ulu the senior king of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and ordered Batu's protege David Narin to be subordinate to David Ulu.

Suspicion between Batu and Güyük increased, however, and Güyük replaced the officials in Iran and the Caucasus with his own men, including [[Eljigidei]]. Güyük gave a good reception to [[Alexander Nevsky]] and [[Andrey II of Vladimir|Andrey II]]. Andrey was assigned the throne of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] while Alexander was given southern Russia. When Güyük began moving west, [[Sorghaghtani Beki]], the widow of [[Tolui]], warned Batu that he was actually the Great Khan's target. When Güyük summoned Batu to appear before him, Batu moved slowly. Before meeting Batu, Güyük died suddenly. According to [[William of Rubruck]] and a Muslim chronicle, one of Batu's brothers murdered or poisoned the Great Khan Güyük and Batu then killed the imperial envoy, though this account is not completely confirmed by other major sources.

== Möngke and Batu ==
[[File:Semiradsky Aleksandr Nevsky v Orde.jpg|thumb|right|Batu's loyal vassal [[Alexander Nevsky]] in the [[Golden Horde|Horde]]]]

An opportunity had arrived for deposing the [[House of Ögedei]] from the overlordship of the Mongols, and Batu was determined to avail himself of it. But Batu seemed to allow [[Oghul Qaimish]] to serve as [[regent]]. He also suggested unruly princes listen to her words. When Batu was ill, Möngke went to the Ulus of Jochi to greet him as his mother Sorghagtani advised. Batu was much delighted on seeing him.

At last, Batu called a kurultai on his own territory in 1250. Members of the Ögedeid and Chagataid families refused to attend the kurultai beyond the [[Mongolia]]n heartland. The kurultai offered the throne to Batu Khan who had no interest in promoting himself as the new Grand Khan. Rejecting it, he instead nominated Möngke, who led a Mongol army in Russia, the Northern Caucasus, and Hungary. The pro-Tolui faction rose up and supported his choice. Given its limited attendance and location, this kurultai was of questionable validity. Batu sent Möngke under the protection of his brothers, [[Berke]] and Tukhtemur, and his son [[Sartaq]] to assemble a formal kurultai at Kodoe Aral in the heartland. The supporters of Möngke invited Oghul Qaimish and other main Ögedeid and Chagataid princes to attend the kurultai, but they refused each time, demanding descendants of Ögedei must be khan. In response, Batu accused them of killing his aunt Altalaun and defying Ögedei's nominee, Shiremun. After the assembled throng proclaimed Möngke Great Khan of the Mongol Empire in 1251, he punished the Ögedeid and Chagataid families for the organized plot against him. Möngke sent Buri to Batu who had him executed by Buri's opponent general. Eljigidei was also ordered to be executed.

The Grand prince Andrey II allied with the rebellious-minded princes of western [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']], giving umbrage to the Mongols. Batu sent a [[punitive expedition]] under Nevrui. On their approach, Andrey fled to Pskov and thence to Sweden. The Mongols spread over Vladimir and harshly punished the people there. The [[Livonian Knights]] stopped their advance to Novgorod and Pskov on hearing the news about the Mongols. Thanks to his friendship with Sartaq, Alexander was installed as the Grand Prince of Vladimir (i.e., the supreme Russian ruler) by Batu in 1252. In 1256 Andrey travelled to [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]] to ask pardon for his former infidelity and was shown mercy.

During the reign of Möngke, Batu's prestige as kingmaker and viceroy of the great khans in the west reached its height. Even so, Batu allowed Möngke's census takers to operate freely in his realm. According to a Muslim chronicle and the [[History of Yuan]], Batu had free access to the imperial treasury.<ref>René Grousset ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'', p.596</ref> Of all the grandsons of Genghis Khan, he and Möngke seemed most capable and the most dedicated to following the spirit of Mongolian law.<ref>Jack Weatherford ''The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire'', p.109</ref>

Batu dispatched a large Jochid delegation to participate in [[Hulagu]]'s [[Mongol invasion of Middle East|expedition in the Middle East]]. However, Berke's persuasion might have forced him to delay to strengthen Hulagu's force, little suspecting that it would result in eliminating the Jochid predominance there, for few years.

Batu, Möngke, and other princely lines shared rule over the area from [[Afghanistan]] to Turkey. He left state affairs to his son [[Sartaq]] before Batu died in 1255.

== Family and Legacy ==
{{see also|Family tree of Genghis Khan}}

Batu Khan was approximately five feet and seven inches tall, and had at least four children:

* [[Sartaq]], khan of the Golden Horde from 1255–1256
* [[Toqoqan]]<ref>David Morgan, ''The Mongols'', p. 224.</ref>
* Andewan
* [[Ulaghchi|Ulagchi]] – probably the son of Sartaq often named Ju Lai (Dzhulaibek)

Batu's mother Ukhaa ujin belonged to the Mongol [[Onggirat]] clan<ref>Rashid al-Din ''Universal History'', Jochids' tale</ref> while his chief khatun Borakchin was an Alchi-[[Tatar]].

When Batu and his son [[Sartak]] died, Batu's brother [[Berke]] inherited the [[Golden Horde]]. Berke was not inclined to unity with his cousins in the Mongol family, making war on [[Hulagu Khan]], though Berke officially recognized Möngke and the [[Empire of the Great Khan]] as his overlords. In fact, Berke was an independent ruler by then. Fortunately for Europe, Berke did not share Batu's interest in conquering it, however, he demanded [[Nobility and royalty of the Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian King]] [[Béla IV]]'s submission and sent his general [[Borolday]] to [[Lithuania]] and Poland.

The Kipchak Khanate was known in Rus and Europe as the [[Golden Horde]] (''Zolotaya Orda'') some think because of the Golden colour of the Khan's tent. "Horde" comes from the Mongol word "orda/ordu" or camp. "Golden" is thought to have had a similar meaning to "royal" (Royal Camp). Of all the Khanates, the Golden Horde ruled longest. Long after the expulsion of the [[Yuan Dynasty]] from China to Mongolia, and the fall of [[Ilkhanate]] in Middle East, the descendants of Batu Khan continued to rule the steppes in what is now Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan. However, Batu's line had ruled the Jochid Ulus until 1360, a century after Berke's death in 1264. Descendants of his brothers, Orda and Tuqatimur, took the throne of the Golden Horde afterwards.

Today, [[Batuhan]] is a common masculine Turkish given name.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:RYAZAN.JPG|[[Golden Horde]] raid at Rayzan
File:KIEV1240.jpg|[[Golden Horde]] raid at Kyev
File:Oborona Kozelska.jpg|[[Golden Horde]] raid at Kozelsk
File:Mongols vladimir.jpg|[[Golden Horde]] raid Vladimir
File:Ephrosinia of Suzdal.jpg|[[Golden Horde]] raid Suzdal
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Mongol Empire]]
*[[Golden Horde]]
*[[Mongol invasion of Europe]]
*[[List of Khans of the Golden Horde]]
*[[Batuhan]]

== References ==

<references />
== Books ==
*{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=David|authorlink=David Morgan (historian)|title=The Mongols|isbn= 0-631-17563-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Nicolle|first=David|title=The Mongol Warlords|publisher=Brockhampton Press|year=1998}}
*{{cite book|first=Gabriel|last=Ronay|title=The Tartar Khan's Englishman|publisher=Cassell|year=1978}}
*{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=J.J.|title=The History of the Mongol Conquests|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|year=1971|isbn=0-8122-1766-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna|publisher=Praeger Publishers|year=2000}}
*{{cite book|last=Soucek|first=Svatopluk|title=A History of Inner Asia|publisher=Cambridge|year= 2000}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101113102742/http://www.ucalgary.ca:80/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/goldenHorde.html ''The Islamic World to 1600: The Golden Horde'']

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Borjigin|House of Borjigin]] (1206–1634)||||1255}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jochi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Khans of the Golden Horde|Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]]|years=1227–1255}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sartaq]] }}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jochi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Blue Horde]]|years=1240–1255}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sartaq]]|rows=2}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mongol Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Batu}}
[[Category:1207 births]]
[[Category:1255 deaths]]
[[Category:Khans of the Golden Horde]]
[[Category:Borjigin]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire people]]
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Descendants of Genghis Khan]]
[[Category:Batu Khan]]

Batu Khan - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox monarch | name = Batu Minien | title = KhanShahanshahTsarJarosław Pelensk ''Russia and Kazan: conquest and..."

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox monarch | name = Batu Minien | title = Khan
Shahanshah
TsarJarosław Pelensk ''Russia and Kazan: conquest and..."