Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox ethnic group |image=240px |caption=A Dongxiang student in school. |group=Dongxiang
دْوݣسِيْاݣ |poptime=621,500 |poppla..."

2017-03-31T17:31:35Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox ethnic group |image=240px |caption=A Dongxiang student in school. |group=Dongxiang<Br>دْوݣسِيْاݣ |poptime=621,500 |poppla..."

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{{Infobox ethnic group
|image=[[File:Dongxiang minority student.jpg|240px]]
|caption=A Dongxiang student in school.
|group=Dongxiang<Br>دْوݣسِيْاݣ
|poptime=621,500
|popplace=621,500 (2010 census) in [[Gansu]]
|langs=[[Santa language|Santa]]
|rels=[[Sunni Islam]]
|related=[[Bonan people|Bonan]], [[Hui people|Hui]]
}}

{{Islam and China|groups}}

The '''Dongxiang''' people (autonym: ''[[Sart]]a'' or ''Santa'' (撒尔塔); {{zh|s=东乡族|t=東鄉族|p=Dōngxiāngzú}}; [[Xiao'erjing]]: دْوݣسِيْاݣذُ) are one of [[List of ethnic groups in China|56 ethnic groups]] officially recognized by the [[People's Republic of China]]. Most of the Dongxiang live in the [[Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture]] and surrounding areas of [[Gansu]] Province in northwestern China. According to the 2010 census, their population numbers 621,500.

==Origin and development==
The Dongxiang are closely related to other Mongolic peoples like the Monguor and Bonan. Scholars speculate that their identity as an independent ethnic group arose through contact with Central Asians, due to whom the Dongxiang converted to [[Sunni Islam]] in the 13th century.

They are believed to be descendants of Mongolian troops posted in the Hezhou area by [[Genghis Khan]] (1162-1227 AD) during his journey westward, mixed with Sarts, which are merchants from Central Asia. Another possibility is that they could be a mixture of many peoples including Mongolian, Han, and Tibetan groups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poor, illiterate and unaware they're in China|author=Jim Yardley|newspaper=THE NEW YORK TIMES|date=March 7, 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/world/asia/07iht-china.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=2011-06-27}}</ref>

The American Asiatic Association published an account of the Dongxiang's origins in the "Asia, Volume 40". A Muslim Mongol, Ma Chuanyuan, who was the supermagistrate of five districts, was interviewed, and gave a story on his people's origins. The conversion to Islam by a clan descended from Genghis Khan angered their relatives, who drove them all the way to Eastern [[Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture|Linxia]]. This occurred at the twilight of the Yuan dynasty. East Linxia was described as a land of "thorns and yellow earth". The author estimated a number of 100,000 Mongolian Muslims. They spoke Mongolian but were all illiterate. The account described them as a community of one hundred thousand, Mongol by race, Islam by religion and Chinese by culture. The majority of them were monolingual.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ct=result&id=y3oeAAAAMAAJ&dq=told+us+that+he+began+learning+spoken%2C+as+well+as+written%2C+Chinese+in+school+when+he+was+twelve&q=honey+milk|title=Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40|author=American Asiatic Association|year=1940|publisher=Asia Pub. Co.|location=|page=659|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ct=result&id=gIBCAAAAYAAJ&dq=Indians+and+neither+are+followers+of+Jesus+considered+Jews+anywhere+in+the+world%2C+why+should+Chinese+Muslims+become+any+the+less+Chinese+%3F&q=nankai|title=The Moslem World, Volumes 31-34|author=Hartford Seminary Foundation|year=1941|publisher=Hartford Seminary Foundation|location=|page=182|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref>

Dongxiang were also known as Santa (San-t'a) people, it was reported that many of them served in the army of the [[Hui people|Hui]] General [[Ma Fuxiang]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&pg=PA142&dq=ma+fuxiang+mongol#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20mongol&f=false|title=A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology|author=Pamela Kyle Crossley|year=2002|publisher=University of California Press|location=|page=142|isbn=0-520-23424-3|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> It was even said that Ma Fuxiang himself was of Santa descent, who had assimilated into the Hui community.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy2FOZy0kTsC&pg=PA23&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+mongol#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu%20hsiang%20mongol&f=false|title=The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization|author=Louis M. J. Schram|year=2006|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|location=|page=23|isbn=1-4286-5932-3|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Their autonym, ''sarta'', may also provide a contradictory clue to their origin: a similar word ''[[Sart]]'' was formerly used in Central Asia to refer to Arab traders{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}, later to the local (mostly) Turkic-speaking city dwellers. Their official name of Dōngxiāng meaning "eastern villages" stems from the fact that their settlements are east of the major Han Chinese settlements.

Like other Muslims in China, the Dongxiang served extensively in the Chinese military. It was said that they and the [[Salar people|Salars]] were given to "eating rations", a reference to military service.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5soAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=ma+an-liang+died+november#v=snippet&q=salars%20%20tunghsiang%20eating%20rations%20military&f=false|title=The Moslem World, Volume 10|author=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation|editors=Samuel Marinus Zwemer|year=1920|publisher=Hartford Seminary Foundation|volume=|location=|isbn=|page=379|pages=|accessdate=2011-06-06}}</ref>

Dongxiang, Baoan, and Hui troops served under Generals [[Ma Fulu]] and [[Ma Fuxiang]] in the [[Boxer Rebellion]], defeating the invading [[Eight Nation Alliance]] at the [[Battle of Langfang]]. Ma Fulu along with 100 Dongxiang and Hui troops died in fierce combat at [[Zhengyangmen|Zhengyang Gate]] in Beijing against the Alliance forces as they fought to the death to hold the Alliance at bay.<ref>[http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0717/18/1817883_39683280.shtml 抗击八国联军的清军将领——马福禄 - 360Doc个人图书馆]</ref>

Dongxiang, Baoan, Hui, Salar, and Tibetan troops served under [[Ma Biao (general)|Ma Biao]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] against the Japanese.<ref>{{cite news |title=马家军悲壮的抗战：百名骑兵集体投河殉国(1)|newspaper=军事－中华网|date=19 September 2008|url=http://military.china.com/zh_cn/dljl/krzz/01/11044207/20080919/15096066.html}}</ref><ref>[http://www.360doc.com/content/11/0917/16/112480_149020067.shtml 民国少数民族将军(组图)2 - 360Doc个人图书馆]</ref>

===Miscegenation===
The Dongxiang have [[Mongols|Mongol]], [[Han Chinese]], [[Hui people|Hui]], and [[Tibetans|Tibetan]] surnames.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOM8qF34s4YC&pg=PA66&dq=dongxiang+muslim+mongols#v=onepage&q=dongxiang%20muslim%20mongols&f=false|title=An ethnohistorical dictionary of China|author=James Stuart Olson|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=|page=66|isbn=0-313-28853-4|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Dongxiang with Han Chinese surnames such as Wang, Kang, Zhang, Gao, and Huang claim descent from Han Chinese. Those with surnames such as Ma and Mu are descended from Hui.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=611wAAAAMAAJ&q=Place+names+like+Tangwangchuan,+Wangjiaji,+Zhangjiacun,+Gaojiazhuang+and+Miaoerling+also+reflect+old+Han+residences.+The+least+numerous+surnames+are+of+Tibetan+origin;+in+fact,+only+the+Yang+clan+from+Yangzhijia+claims+descent+from&dq=Place+names+like+Tangwangchuan,+Wangjiaji,+Zhangjiacun,+Gaojiazhuang+and+Miaoerling+also+reflect+old+Han+residences.+The+least+numerous+surnames+are+of+Tibetan+origin;+in+fact,+only+the+Yang+clan+from+Yangzhijia+claims+descent+from|title=The minorities of northern China: a survey
|volume=Volume 17 of Studies on East Asia
|year=1984
|author=Henry G. Schwarz
|publisher=Western Washington
|edition=illustrated
|location=
|isbn=0-914584-17-0
|page=100
|pages=
|accessdate=17 July 2011}}(Original from the University of Michigan )</ref><ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?ct=result&id=-lZIAAAAMAAJ&dq=Place+names+like+Tangwangchuan%2C+Wangjiaji%2C+Zhangjiacun%2C+Gaojiazhuang+and+Miaoerling+also+reflect+old+Han+residences.+The+least+numerous+surnames+are+of+Tibetan+origin%3B+in+fact%2C+only+the+Yang+clan+from+Yangzhijia+claims+descent+from&q=tangwangchuan
|title=Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey, Volume 1
|volume=
|year=1984
|author=Richard V. Weekes
|editor=Richard V. Weekes
|publisher=Greenwood Press
|edition=2, illustrated
|location=
|isbn=0-313-23392-6
|page=238
|pages=
|accessdate=17 July 2011}}(Original from the University of Michigan )</ref>

Many of the Muslim [[Confucius#Descendants|descendants of Confucius]] are descended from the marriage of Ma Jiaga (马甲尕), a Muslim woman, and Kong Yanrong (孔彦嵘), 59th generation descendant of Confucius in the year 1480 and their descendants are found among the Hui and Dongxiang peoples.<ref>http://culture.people.com.cn/n/2014/1214/c172318-26204615.html</ref><ref>http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2014/12-14/6875063.shtml</ref><ref>http://big5.taiwan.cn/zppd/MMWZ/201412/t20141215_8361279.htm</ref><ref>http://sd.people.com.cn/n/2015/0107/c366019-23474035.html</ref><ref>http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/7158766.html</ref><ref>http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/7119528.html</ref><ref>http://ningxia.baike.com/article-33678.html</ref><ref>http://huizu.baike.com/article-122417.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://56.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413163737/http://56.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html |archivedate=2016-04-13 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413174047/http://www.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html |archivedate=2016-04-13 |df= }}</ref>

Some Dongxiang have said that, in the rare instances that they do [[Miscegenation|marry with other people]], it is only with Hui and Han, but not Tibetans.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfOyL9jd0MUC&pg=PA170&dq=tibetan+girls+chinese#v=snippet&q=dongxiang%20han%20hui%20marriages&f=false|title=Invisible China: A Journey Through Ethnic Borderlands|author1=Colin Legerton |author2=Jacob Rawson |year=2009|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=|page=156|isbn=1-55652-814-0|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

A town called [[Tangwangchuan]] (唐汪川) in [[Gansu]] had a multiethnic populace, the Tang ({{zh|c=唐}}) and Wang ({{zh|c=汪}}) families being the two major families. The Tang and Wang families were originally of non-Muslim Han Chinese extraction, but by the 1900s some branches of the families became Muslim by "intermarriage or conversion", while other branches of the families remained non-Muslim.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvDOudr5M6MC&pg=PA102&dq=We+should+also+note+the+existence+of+smaller,+but+equally+mixed,+communities+such+as+Tangwangchuan#v=onepage&q=We%20should%20also%20note%20the%20existence%20of%20smaller%2C%20but%20equally%20mixed%2C%20communities%20such%20as%20Tangwangchuan&f=false
|title=Remapping China: fissures in historical terrain
|volume=
|year=1996
|author=Gail Hershatter
|editor=Gail Hershatter
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|edition=illustrated
|location=
|isbn=0-8047-2509-8
|page=102
|pages=
|accessdate=17 July 2011}}</ref> People in the area have changed their ethnicity by marrying members of other groups or converting to their religion. The Tang and Wang families are now composed of all three different ethnic groups, with [[Han Chinese]], [[Hui people|Hui]], and Dongxiang people. The Dongxiang and Hui are Muslims.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JARXAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Dongxiang+people+in+Tangwangchuan+village+of+Dongxiang+ethnic+minority+autonomous+county+are+closely+connected+to+the+local+Han+and+Hui.+That+is+because+both+the+Tang+and+Wang+clans+have+members+in+the+Dongxiang,+Hui,+and+Han+ethnic&dq=The+Dongxiang+people+in+Tangwangchuan+village+of+Dongxiang+ethnic+minority+autonomous+county+are+closely+connected+to+the+local+Han+and+Hui.+That+is+because+both+the+Tang+and+Wang+clans+have+members+in+the+Dongxiang,+Hui,+and+Han+ethnic|title=Chinese sociology and anthropology
|volume=
|year=2007
|author=M.E. Sharpe, Inc, International Arts and Sciences Press
|editor=
|publisher=M.E. Sharpe
|edition=
|location=
|isbn=
|page=42
|pages=
|accessdate=17 July 2011}}(Original from the University of Virginia)
[https://books.google.com/books?id=JARXAAAAYAAJ&q=tangwangchuan+tang&dq=tangwangchuan+tang&hl=en&ei=LVFJTvT-O5GTtwei3KnZBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA][https://books.google.com/books?ei=CGJJTszwK9GBsgLP0MGSCA&ct=result&id=JARXAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Dongxiang+people+in+Tangwangchuan+village+of+Dongxiang+ethnic+minority+autonomous+county+are+closely+connected+to+the+local+Han+and+Hui.+That+is+because+both+the+Tang+and+Wang+clans+have+members+in+the+Dongxiang%2C+Hui%2C+and+Han+ethnic&q=han+dongxiang+tang+wang][https://books.google.com/books?ei=nGFJTtzwBuyFsALPp436BQ&ct=result&id=JARXAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Dongxiang+people+in+Tangwangchuan+village+of+Dongxiang+ethnic+minority+autonomous+county+are+closely+connected+to+the+local+Han+and+Hui.+That+is+because+both+the+Tang+and+Wang+clans+have+members+in+the+Dongxiang%2C+Hui%2C+and+Han+ethnic&q=dongxiang+han+hui+tang+wang]</ref> Tangwangchuan and Hanjiaji were notable for being the lone towns with a multiethnic community, with both non-Muslims and Muslims.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA145&dq=tangwangchuan+tang#v=onepage&q=tangwangchuan%20tang&f=false
|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China
|volume=
|year=1997
|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman
|publisher=University of Washington Press
|edition=illustrated
|location=
|isbn=0-295-97644-6
|page=145
|pages=
|accessdate=17 July 2011}}</ref>

The cuisines of various ethnicities have spread across boundaries in the area of Hehuang, with different groups such as Mongolians, Tibetan, Dongxiang, and Hui eating each other's cuisines, such as [[mutton]] and [[milk tea]].<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?ct=result&id=JARXAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Dongxiang+people+in+Tangwangchuan+village+of+Dongxiang+ethnic+minority+autonomous+county+are+closely+connected+to+the+local+Han+and+Hui.+That+is+because+both+the+Tang+and+Wang+clans+have+members+in+the+Dongxiang%2C+Hui%2C+and+Han+ethnic&q=dongxiang+hui+boiled+mutton+
|title=Chinese sociology and anthropology
|volume=
|year=2007
|author=M.E. Sharpe, Inc, International Arts and Sciences Press
|editor=
|publisher=M.E. Sharpe
|edition=
|location=
|isbn=
|page=51
|pages=
|accessdate=17 July 2011}}(Original from the University of Virginia)</ref>

==Economy==
The base of the economy of Dongxiang is agriculture. The main products are potatoes, maize and wheat. They are also recognized craftsmen, specializing in the elaboration of traditional carpets.

==Language and education==

The Dongxiang speak the [[Dongxiang language]], a member of the [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] family.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSttAAAAMAAJ&q=Whatever+racial+origin+they+may+have,+they+speak,+or+least+up+to+recent+times+they+spoke,+a+Mongol+dialect&dq=Whatever+racial+origin+they+may+have,+they+speak,+or+least+up+to+recent+times+they+spoke,+a+Mongol+dialect|title=The Mongols and Ming China: customs and history, Volume 1|author1=Henry Serruys |author2=Françoise Aubin |year=1987|publisher=Variorum Reprints|location=|page=cxv|isbn=0-86078-210-7|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The Dongxiang people also have a rich tradition of oral literature, and use the Arabic alphabet.

As a result of the [[language shift]], some 20,000 people in several villages in the northeastern [[Dongxiang Autonomous County|Dongxiang County]] now speak the so-called "[[Tangwang language]]": a [[Creole language|creolized]] version of [[Mandarin Chinese]] with a strong Dongxiang influence, in particular in its grammar.<ref name=lee>{{cite book
|author=International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies
|publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1996
|isbn=3-11-013417-9
|title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1. (Volume 13 of Trends in Linguistics, Documentation Series).
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC
|pages=875–882
}}</ref>

Government statistics show that the Dongxiang are among the poorest and least literate of China's minorities, with most Dongxiang having completed only an average of 1.1 years of schooling, a problem aggravated by the lack of a written language.

In 2004, the [[Ford Foundation]] provided US$30,000 in grant money for a pilot project to promote bilingual education in Dongxiang and Mandarin, in an effort to reduce school drop-out rates. The project is credited with the publication of a Dongxiang-Chinese [[bilingual dictionary]] as well as recent rises in test scores.

==Famous Dongxiang people==
*[[Ma Wanfu]], anti-Qing rebel and [[Yihewani]] founder
*[[Ma Dahan]], anti-Qing rebel

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{PD-old-text|title=The Moslem World, Volume 10|year=1920|author=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation}}

==External links==
{{Portal|China}}
{{Commons category|Dongxiang people}}
*[http://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-dongxiang.htm The Dongxiang ethnic minority] (Chinese government site)
*Oliver Corff: [http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~corff/im/Sprache/Dongxiang.html The Dongxiang Mongols and Their Language]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313131148/http://www.fordfound.org:80/grants_db/view_grant_detail.cfm?grant_id=233346 Ford Foundation Grant Information: Narisi Primary School of Dongxiang Autonomous County]
*[http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/03/07/news/china.php Poor, illiterate, and unaware they're in China]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101007110728/http://www.chinadongxiang.com:80/ Dongxiang people history and photo gallery]

{{CEG}}
{{Mongol Yastan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dongxiang People}}
[[Category:Mongol peoples]]
[[Category:Dongxiang people]]
[[Category:Islam in China]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of China]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China]]

Dongxiangs - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox ethnic group |image=240px |caption=A Dongxiang student in school. |group=Dongxiangدْوݣسِيْاݣ |poptime=621,500 |poppla..."

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox ethnic group |image=240px |caption=A Dongxiang student in school. |group=Dongxiang
دْوݣسِيْاݣ |poptime=621,500 |poppla..."