Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox Former Country |native_name = |conventional_long_name = Rouran Khaganate |common_name = Rouran |continent = Asia |region..."

2017-03-26T16:24:53Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox Former Country |native_name = |conventional_long_name = Rouran Khaganate |common_name = Rouran |continent = Asia |region..."

Yeni sayfa

{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Rouran Khaganate
|common_name = Rouran
|continent = Asia
|region =
|country =
|era =
|status = [[Khanate]]
|year_start = 330
|year_end = 555
|event_start =
|date_start =
|event_end =
|date_end =
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event_pre =
|date_pre =
|event_post =
|date_post =
|p1 = Xianbei state
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = Turkic Khaganate
|flag_s1 = Gok1.png
|s2 = Northern Qi
|flag_s2 =
|s3 = Northern Zhou
|flag_s3 =
|s4 =
|flag_s4 =
|image_flag =
|flag =
|flag_type =
|image_coat =
|symbol =
|symbol_type =
|image_map = Nirun, Tuyuhun, Yueban, Tuoba Wei.jpg
|image_map_caption =
|capital = Mumo city, [[Orkhon River]], Mongolia
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
|common_languages =
|religion = [[Shamanism]] [[Buddhism]]
|currency =
|legislature = [[Kurultai]]
|leader1 = [[Yùjiǔlǘ Mùgǔlǘ]]
|leader2 = [[Yujiulü Dengshuzi]]
|year_leader1 = 330
|year_leader2 = 555
|title_leader = [[Khagan]]
|stat_area1 = 4000000
|stat_year1 = 405<ref>Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.", Social Science History Vol. 3, 115-138 (1979)</ref><ref>Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and Peter Turchin (2006). East-West Orientation of Historical Empires.Journal of World-Systems Research (University of Connecticut). 12 (no. 2): 219–229.</ref>
|today = {{flag|Mongolia}} {{flag|China}} {{flag|Kazakhstan}} {{flag|Russia}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Rouran
| c = 柔然
| p = Róurán
| w = Jou2-jan2
| altname = Ruru
| t2 = 蠕蠕
| s2 = 茹茹
| p2 = Rúrú
| w2 = Ju2-ju2
| altname3 = Tantan
| c3 = 檀檀
| p3 = Tántán
| w3 = T'an2-t'an2
}}
{{History of Mongolia}}
The '''Rouran Khaganate''' ({{zh|c=柔然|p=Róurán}}), ''Ruru'' ({{zh|c=蠕蠕/茹茹|p=Rúrú}}), or ''Tantan''<ref>Zhang, Min. [http://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/5687434/On_the_Defensive_System_of_Great_Wall__Military_Town_of_Northern_Wei_D.htm "On the Defensive System of Great Wall Military Town of Northern Wei Dynasty"] China’s Borderland History and Geography Studies, Jun. 2003 Vol. 13 No. 2. Page 15.</ref> ({{zh|c=檀檀|p=Tántán}}) was the name of a state established by [[proto-Mongols]], from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century.<ref name="West2008">{{cite book|last=West|first=Barbara A.|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA687|accessdate=26 May 2011|year=2008|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7109-8|page=687}}</ref>

''Rouran'' is a [[Classical Chinese]] transcription of the [[endonym]] of the confederacy. ''Ruanruan'' and ''Ruru'' remained in usage despite being derogatory. They derived from orders given by the [[Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei]], who waged war against the Rouran and intended to intimidate the confederacy. According to [[René Grousset]], '''''Ju-juan''''' – an alternate Chinese name for the Rouran – was a "disparaging pun" derived from ''Juan-Juan'': "unpleasantly wriggling insects".<ref name=Rene>{{Cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8135-1304-9 |pages=60–61}}</ref>

The power of the Rouran was broken in 555 by an alliance of [[Göktürks]], the states of [[Northern Qi]] and [[Northern Zhou]], and tribes in Central Asia.

It has sometimes been hypothesized that the Rouran are synonymous with the [[Pannonian Avars]] – also known by names such as Varchonites and "Pseudo Avars" – who settled in Eastern Europe during the 6th century.<ref>Findley (2005), p. 35.</ref>

==Origin and expansion==
[[File:Asia 400ad.jpg|left|thumb|Asia in 400, showing the Rouran Khaganate, the [[Northern Wei]], the [[Tuyuhun]], [[Southern Liang]], [[Later Yan]], [[Yueban]] and [[Northern Liang]]]]
The Rouran were a confederation led by [[Xianbei]] people who remained in the Mongolian steppes after most Xianbei migrated south to Northern China and set up various kingdoms. They considered the [[Tuoba]] and Rourans to be descended from common ancestors.<ref>[[Hyacinth (Bichurin)]], Collection of information on peoples lived in Central Asia in ancient times, 1950. p.209</ref> Also some contemporary historians studying the history of [[Northern Wei]], like [[Kwok Kin Poon]], proposed that the Rouran descended specifically from [[Xianbei]] of [[Donghu people|Donghu]] heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/34790|title = The Northern Wei state and the Juan-juan nomadic tribe|date = |accessdate = 2015-11-16|website = |publisher = The University of Hong Kong Scholar hub.|last = |first = }}</ref> They were first noted as having defeated the [[Tiele people|Tiele]] and establishing an empire extending all the way to the Hulun (''clarification needed''), an alliance in eastern [[Inner Mongolia]]. During the reign of [[Yujiulü Shelun]] (402-410), Rouran became a powerful empire. To the west of the Rouran Khaganate was the [[Hephthalite Empire]] (408–670), which was a vassal of the Rouran until the beginning of the 5th century.<ref>Grousset (1970), p. 67.</ref><ref name="Kurbanov">[http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/20Roots/EphthalitesEn.htm Kurbanov, A. The Hephthalites: Archaeological and historical analysis. PhD dissertation, Free University, Berlin, 2010]</ref>

The Hephthalites and Rouran had close contact, although they had different languages and cultures, and the Hephthalites borrowed much of their political organization from the Rouran.<ref name="Kurbanov"/> In particular, the title “[[Khan (title)|Khan]]“, which according to McGovern was original to the Rouran, was borrowed by the Hephthalite rulers.<ref name="Kurbanov"/> The reason for the migration of the Hephthalites southeast was to avoid pressure from the Rouran. Further, the Hephthalites defeated the [[Yuezhi]] in [[Bactria]] and their leader Kidara led the Yuezhi to the south.<ref name="Kurbanov"/>

The Rouran controlled the area of [[Mongolia]] from the [[Manchuria]]n border to [[Turpan]] and, perhaps, the east coast of [[Lake Balkhash]], and from the [[Orkhon River]] to [[China proper]]. Their ancestor Mugulu is said to have been originally a slave of the [[Tuoba]] tribes, situated at the north banks of [[Yellow River|Yellow River Bend]]. Mugulu's descendant [[Yujiulü Shelun]] is said to be the first chieftain who was able to unify the Rouran tribes and to found the power of the Rouran by defeating the Tiele and Xianbei. Shelun was also the first of the steppe peoples to adopt the title of [[khagan]] (可汗) in 402, originally a title of the Xianbei nobility.

The Rouran Khaganate arranged for one of their princesses, Khagan [[Yujiulü Anagui]]'s daughter Princess Ruru, to be married to the Han Chinese ruler [[Gao Huan]] of the [[Eastern Wei]].<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Lee|first1=Lily Xiao Hong|last2=Stefanowska|first2=A. D. |title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7mLql4TAxoC&pg=PA316|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-4182-3}} p. 316.</ref>

The Rouran and the Hephthalites had a falling out and problems within their confederation were encouraged by Chinese agents. In 508, the Tiele defeated the Rouran in battle. In 516, the Rouran defeated the Tiele. Within the Rouran confederation was a Turkic tribe noted in Chinese annals as the Göktürks ({{zh|c=突厥}}). After a marriage proposal to the Rouran was rebuffed, the Göktürks joined the [[Western Wei]], successor state of the Northern Wei, and revolted against the Rouran. In 555, they beheaded 3,000 Rouran. A better date for their defeat [[Yujiulü Anagui|may be 552]]. Some scholars claim that the Rouran then fled west across the steppes and became the Avars, though many other scholars contest this claim.<ref name="West2008"/> The remainder of the Rouran fled into China, were absorbed into the border guards, and disappeared forever as an entity. The last khagan fled to the court of the Western Wei, but at the demand of Tujue, Western Wei executed him and the nobles who accompanied him.

[[File:Rouran500.png|thumb|The Rouran Khaganate, c. 500]]
[[File:Asia 500ad.jpg|thumb|[[Northern Wei]] and [[Tuyuhun]], c. 500]]
Little is known of the Rouran ruling elite, which the ''[[Book of Wei]]'' cited as an offshoot of the Xianbei. The territory of the Rouran Khaganate comprised Mongolia, [[Buryatia]], [[Zabaykalsky Krai]], southern [[Irkutsk Oblast]], [[Tuva]], [[Altay Republic]], [[Altay Krai]], northern [[Xinjiang]], [[Inner Mongolia]], eastern [[Kazakhstan]], southern [[Siberia]] and [[Northeast China]] from the late 4th century. Their frequent interventions and invasions profoundly affected neighboring countries. Though they admitted the [[Ashina (clan)|Ashina]] of Göktürk into their federation, the power of the Rouran was broken by an alliance of Göktürk, the states of [[Northern Qi]] and [[Northern Zhou]], and the Central Asian tribes in 555. The Northern Wei, for instance, established the Six Garrisons bordering the Rouran, which later became the foci of several major mutinies in the early 6th century.

==Khaghans of the Rouran==
The Rourans were the first people who used the titles [[Khagan]] and [[Khan (title)|Khan]] for their emperors, replacing the [[Chanyu]] of the [[Xiongnu]], whom Grousset and others assume to be [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]].<ref>Grousset (1970), pp. 61, 585, n. 91.</ref>
#[[Yujiulü Mugulü]], 4th century
# [[Yujiulü Cheluhui]], 4th century
# [[Yujiulü Tunugui]], 4th century
# [[Yujiulü Bati]], 4th century
# [[Yujiulü Disuyuan]], 4th century
# [[Yujiulü Pihouba]], 4th century
# Venheti, 4th century
# [[Yujiulü Mangeti]], 4th century
# [[Yujiulü Heduohan]], 4th century
# [[Yujiulü Shelun]], 402–410
# [[Yujiulü Hulü]], 410–414
# [[Yujiulü Datan]], 414–429
# [[Yujiulü Wuti]], 429–444
# [[Yujiulü Tuhezhen]], 444–450
# [[Yujiulü Yucheng]], 450–485
# [[Yujiulü Doulun]], 485–492
# [[Yujiulü Nagai]], 492–506
# [[Yujiulü Futu]], 506–508
# [[Yujiulü Chounu]], 508–520
# [[Yujiulü Anagui]], 520–552
# Yujiulü Poluomen, 521–524
# Yujiulü Tiefa, 552–553
# Yujiulü Dengzhu, 553
# Yujiulü Kangti, 553
# [[Yujiulü Anluochen]], 553–554
# [[Yujiulü Dengshuzi]], 555

==Rulers family tree==
{{chart top|width=auto|The family tree of the Khaghans of the Rouran}}
{{chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:112%|summary=Ther family tree of the Yujiulü clan Khaghans of the Rouran}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Mg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Mg=[[Yujiulü Mugulü|Mugulü]] 木骨闾|boxstyle_Mg=border-width:2px}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Cl | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Cl=[[Yujiulü Cheluhui|Cheluhui]] 车鹿会|boxstyle_Cl=border-width:2px}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tn | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tn=[[Yujiulü Tunugui|Tunugui]] 吐奴傀|boxstyle_Tn=border-width:2px}}
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{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bt | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bt=[[Yujiulü Bati|Bati]] 跋提|boxstyle_Bt=border-width:2px}}
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{{chart|border=1| Qb | | Wj | | Mo | | Jg | |Sl | |Hl | | Ed | | Tw | |Dd | | Pl | | Df | | Db | | Li | | Fe |Qb=Qiba 启拔|Wj=Wujie 吴颉|Mo=□|Jg=Jiguizhi 诘归之|Sl=[[Yujiulü Shelun|Shelun]] 社崘 ?-'''402-410'''|boxstyle_Sl=border-width:2px|Hl=[[Yujiulü Hulü|Hulü]] 斛律 ?-'''410-414'''|boxstyle_Hl=border-width:2px|Ed=Héduōhàn 曷多汗|Tw=Tāwú Wúluhú 他吾无鹿胡|Dd=[[Yujiulü Datan|Datan]] 大檀 ?-'''414-429'''|boxstyle_Dd=border-width:2px|Pl=Pili 匹黎|Df=Lü Dafei 闾大肥|Db=Lu Dàníbèiyí 闾大埿倍颐|Li=Lu Lín 闾驎|Fe=Lu Fèng 闾凤}}
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{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Bl | | Db2 | | Sb | | Zy | | Tl | | Ql | |Wt | | Zz | | Sl2 | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bl=[[Yujiulü Buluzhen|Buluzhen]] 步鹿真 ?-'''414'''|boxstyle_Bl=border-width:2px|Db2=Duba 度拔|Sb=Shèba 社拔 ?－414|Zy=Zhāoyí 昭仪|Tl=Tulugui 秃鹿傀|Ql=Qǐlièguī 乞列归|Wt=[[Yujiulü Wuti|Wuti]] 吴提 ?-'''429-444'''|boxstyle_Wt=border-width:2px|Zz=Lu Zuǒzhāoyí 闾左昭仪|Sl2=Qilifu 俟力弗}}
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{{chart|border=1| | | | |Pl2 | |Dl | | Sn | |Cl2 | | Zh | | Yj | | Th2 | | Tt | |Dz | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Pl2=[[Yujiulü Poluomen|Poluomen]] 婆羅門 ?-'''521-525'''|boxstyle_Pl2=border-width:2px|Dl=[[Yujiulü Chounu|Chounu]] 丑奴 ?-'''508-520'''|boxstyle_Dl=border-width:2px|Sn=Qínifa 俟匿伐|Cl2=[[Yujiulü Anagui|Anagui]] 阿那瓌 ?-'''520-552'''|boxstyle_Cl2=border-width:2px|Zh=Zuhui 祖惠|Yj=Yǐjufa 乙居伐 ?-520|Th2=Tahan 塔寒|Tt=Tutujiā 秃突佳|Dz=[[Yujiulü Dengzhu|Dengzhu]] 登注俟利 ?-'''552-553'''|boxstyle_Dz=border-width:2px}}
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{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cd | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Cd=Lu Chidelian 闾叱地连 538－550}}

{{chart|He=[[闾贺]]|Ps=晋阳公 [[闾菩萨]]|Ys=[[于陟斤]]|Dn=[[大泥鹊起]]|Tw2=[[吐万度吐河入弗]]|Ag=安富侯 [[闾阿各头]]|Cz=[[郁久闾车朱浑]]|Xu=[[闾炫]]|Ye=[[郁久闾业]]|Fr=[[郁久闾伏仁]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

==See also==
*[[History of the eastern steppe]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{commons category}}
*Findley, Carter Vaughn. (2005). ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516770-8 (cloth); ISBN 0-19-517726-6 (pbk).
*[[René Grousset|Grousset, René]]. (1970). ''The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia''. Translated by Naomi Walford. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.Third Paperback printing, 1991. ISBN 0-8135-0627-1 (casebound); ISBN 0-8135-1304-9 (pbk).
*[http://www.shuku.net:8080/novels/zatan/cydglngls/03.html Map of their empire]
*[http://www.human.toyogakuen-u.ac.jp/~acmuller/dicts/dealt/data/88/c8815.htm Definition]
*[http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/rouran.html information about the Rouran]
* [[Nikolay Kradin|Kradin, Nikolay]]. "From Tribal Confederation to Empire: the Evolution of the Rouran Society". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 58, No 2 (2005): 149-169.
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
{{Inner Asia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rouran| ]]
[[Category:Khaganates]]
[[Category:History of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Nomads of the Eurasian steppe]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of China]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Asia]]
[[Category:Inner Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 4th century]]
[[Category:555 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 6th century]]

Rouran Khaganate - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox Former Country |native_name = |conventional_long_name = Rouran Khaganate |common_name = Rouran |continent = Asia |region..."