Sardar - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{other uses}} Ayub Khan and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy with the prized gelding "Sardar".
2017-03-25T10:40:15Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{other uses}} Ayub Khan and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy with the prized gelding "Sardar".<r..."

Yeni sayfa
{{other uses}}
[[File:Jackiesardar.JPG|right|thumb|President ''Sardar'' [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy with the prized gelding "Sardar".<ref>http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackie-kennedy-receives-horse-from-governor-of-pakistan</ref>]]
[[File:Ein-oddole.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Prime Minister of Iran|Sardar-I-Azam]]'', HRH Prince [[Abdol Majid Mirza]] of Qajar Persia ''c. 1920s''.]]
[[File:Ahmed_Tevfik_Pasha_chair.jpg|right|thumb|[[List of Ottoman Grand Viziers|Grand Vizier]] [[Ahmet Tevfik Pasha]], the last Ottoman ''Serdar-ı Azam''.]]
[[File:Brigadir_Janko_Vukotic.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Serdar (Ottoman rank)|Serdar]]'' Janko Vukotić of the [[Principality of Montenegro|Principality]] and [[Kingdom of Montenegro]].]]
[[File:King Amanullah Khan.jpg|right|thumb|King [[Amānullāh Khān]] conferred the title ''Sardar-i-Ala'' to those of exceptional service to the Crown.]]
[[File:Sardar Ranoji Shinde.jpg|right|thumb|A plaque commemorating H.H. Sardar Ranoji Shinde Bahadur, Prince of Gwalior. The title of ''Sardar'' is used by the [[Maratha]] nobility of [[Gwalior State]]<ref>
https://books.google.com/books?id=r2O3W7mkAwAC&pg=PA252&dq=title+of+sardar+maratha&hl=en&sa=X&ei=T12gUf_RJ4P4rQew-IC4CQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=title%20of%20sardar%20maratha&f=false
</ref> and as such is used by the most senior Mahratta nobles.<ref>http://www.royalark.net/India/gwalior.htm</ref>]]

'''Sardar''' ({{lang-fa|سردار }}, {{IPA-fa|sær'dɑr}}; "Commander" literally; "Headmaster"), also spelled as '''Sirdar''', '''Sardaar''' or '''Serdar''', is a title of nobility that was originally used to denote [[prince]]s, [[noblemen]], and other [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrats]]. It has also been used to denote a chief or leader of a tribe or group. It is used as a Persian synonym of the Arabic title ''[[Amir]]''.

The term and its cognates originate from [[Persian language|Persian]] ''sardār'' ({{lang|fa|[[wikt:سردار|سردار]]}}) and have been historically used across [[Islamic Persia|Persia]] ([[Iran]]), [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Turkey]] (as "[[Serdar (Ottoman rank)|Serdar]]"), [[Mesopotamia]] (now [[Iraq]]), [[Syria]], [[South Asia]] ([[Pakistan]], [[India]], and [[Nepal]]), the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], the [[Balkans]] and [[Egypt]] (as "[[Sirdar]]").<ref>http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SHA_SIV/SIRDAR_or_SARDAR_Persian_sardar.html</ref>

The term was widely used by [[Maratha]] nobility, who held important positions in various [[List of Maratha dynasties and states|Maratha States]] of the imperial [[Maratha Empire]].

After the decline of [[feudalism]], ''Sardar'' later indicated a [[Head of State]], a [[Commander-in-chief]], and an Army [[military rank]]. As a military rank, a ''Sardar'' typically marked the [[Commander-in-Chief]] or the highest-ranking [[military officer]] in an Army, akin to the modern [[Field Marshal]], [[General of the Army]] or [[Chief of Army (disambiguation)|Chief of Army]]. The more administrative title ''Sirdar-Bahadur'' denoted a [[Governor-General]] or [[Chief Minister]] of a remote province, akin to a British [[Viceroy]].

In [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[mountaineering]], a ''Sirdar'' is a local leader of the [[Sherpa people|Sherpas]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Sayre | first = Woodrow Wilson | title = Four Against Everest | publisher = Prentice-Hall | year = 1964 | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA | id = Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 64-15208 | page = 223 }}</ref> Among other duties, he records the heights reached by the individual Sherpas, which factors into their compensation. ''Sardar'' is also colloquially used to refer to adult male followers of [[Sikhism]], as a disproportionate number of Sikhs have honorably served in many high-ranking positions within the [[Indian Army]]. Sometimes, it has also been used to describe [[Punjabi Muslims]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMTZg_jhuEYC&pg=PA79|title=Up Against Odds: Autobiography of an Indian Scientist|page=79|author=Piara Singh Gill}}</ref>

==Princes==
Several [[princely state]]s in South Asia have been ruled by a prince styled ''Sardar''. For example, the Prince of [[Lahore]] used the title ''Sardar''.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} ''Sardars'' of these princely states hold a [[primogeniture]] hereditary title, similar to British [[hereditary peers]].

==Noblemen==
The early [[feudal]] [[Maratha Empire]] prior to [[Peshwa]] administration (1674-1749) used the title ''Sardar'' to identify an imperial court [[Minister (government)|minister]] with military and diplomatic functions. If granted land (''[[jagir]]''), the title ''Sardar'' also marked a [[feudal superior]] responsible for administration, defense and taxing of the granted territory (equivalent to the European title [[Count]], from the French ''comte'' meaning the "companion" or delegate to the [[Emperor]] that administered a [[county]]). These ''Sardars'' of the early [[Maratha Empire]] were [[life peers]]; the title was not hereditary.
* If the ''Sardar'' was appointed to [[Commander-in-Chief]] of all [[Maratha]] forces, the style ''[[Senapati]]'' was used in combination (e.g., ''Sardar Senapati'' or ''Sarsenapati'' Khanderao Yesajirao [[Dabhade]]. The title [[Senapati]] is a [[primogeniture]] hereditary title, as is evidenced by the current ''[[Senapati]]'' Shrimant Sardar Padmasenraje [[Dabhade]] of [[Talegaon Dabhade]].
* In the [[Maratha Empire]], the more administrative role of ''Sirdar-Bahadur'' denoted a [[Governor General]] or [[Chief Minister]] of a remote [[province]]; this best equates to a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] ''[[Subahdar]]'' or British [[Viceroy]] in function and rank.
* The title ''Sirdar'' was used by Englishmen to describe native noblemen in [[British India]] (e.g., ''Sirdars'' of the [[Deccan]]).
* In [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]], the title ''Sardar'' marked the chief of his tribe.
* In the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Royal Afghan Kingdom]], the original [http://www.royalark.net/Afghanistan/orders.htm ''Nishan-i-Sardari''] (Order of the Leader), founded by [[Amānullāh Khān|King Amanullah]] in 1923, was bestowed for exceptional service to the Crown by the Afghan monarch. Recipients enjoyed the titles of ''Sardar-i-Ala'' or ''Sardar-i-Ali'' before their names and also received grants of land. The original Order was disbanded in 1929, and was later revived by [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|King Muhammad Zahir Shah]]. In addition, several important tribal leaders and chiefs in Afghanistan, were also designated as 'Sardars'.
* In [[Ottoman Turkey]], Serdar was a noble rank in Montenegro and Serbia. Serdar was also used in the [[Principality of Montenegro]] and the [[Principality of Serbia]] as a lesser noble title below that of [[Voivode|Vojvoda]] ([[Duke]]) equating to [[Count]]. The Royal Houses of both Montenegro and Serbia still grant this title. For example, [[Janko Vukotić]] who was a military leader and former prime minister of Montenegro with title of ''Serdar''.
* In [[Persia]], ''Sardar-i-Bozorg'' was the title of both [[Hossein Khan Sardar]] and his brother Hasan Khan Qajar. Both were uncles of [[Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Khan Qajar]], the King-Emperor of Persia and the Commander-in-chief under Emperor [[Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar]] in the [[Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)|Russo-Persian Wars of 1804]] and [[Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)|1826]].

==Aristocrats==
* In the small district of [[Sudhanoti]], [[Kashmir]], ''Sardar'' is used by the hybrid [[Sudhan]] tribe to refer to their putative part-descent from the [[Sadozai (Pastun tribe)|Sadozai]] clan of King [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]. Also, Poonch families in this region use ''Sardar'' at the beginning of their names.
* Similarly ''Sardar'' is used by [[Khattar]] tribe noble men. [[Khattar]] is a blue blooded noble tribe mostly in districts of [[Attock]] and adjacent areas of [[Rawalpindi]].
''Sardar'' was used for important political, tribal, military and religious officers rankings by the [[Sikh]]s during the period of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]].
In the [[Hazara Division]] of Pakistan, the word ''Sardar'' is used by the [[Karlal]] tribe before their names, traditionally, to stress their upper-caste status, e.g., ''Sardar'' Muhammad Aslam, ''Sardar'' Haider Zaman etc.
* Similarly, [[Gujjar]] from the [[Hazara Division]] also use ''Sardar'' as their surname denoting their ancient royalty of the region, e.g., Sardar Muhammad Yousaf, ''Sardar'' Fakhr-e-Alam, Air Marshal (R) ''Sardar'' Asif Khattana, Lt. Gen. (R) ''Sardar'' Khalid Khattana and ''Sardar'' Said Ghulam [[Gujjar]] are the few names in this.

==Head of State==
* [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], the first Deputy Prime Minister of India was referred to as Sardar Patel; he is also now known as the "Iron Man of India".
''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' was the title of one Constitutional [[Head of State]] of the princely state of [[Kashmir]], Yuvaraj Shri Karan Singhji Bahadur, who was appointed as Heir Apparent in 1931. After his father had acceded to India, ending the sovereign Monarchy, Regent in 1949 to 1956. ''Sardar-i-Riyasat'' 1956 to 1965 (succeeded on the death of his father as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1961, no longer carrying any hereditary power), next Governor of the Indian constitutive State of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] 1965 to 1967.
In Persian, ''Sardar i-Azam'' was occasionally used as an alternative title for the [[Shahanshah]]'s Head of government, normally styled ''[[Vazir i-Azam]]'', notably in 1904-06 for a [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] prince, [[HRH]], the Prince [[Major General]] [[Abdol Majid Mirza]].

==Military title==
[[File:A Sikh sardar.jpg|right|thumb|A Sikh sardar]]
* The later [[Maratha Empire]] under [[Peshwa]] administration (1749-1818) used the title ''Sardar'' to denote a [[Field Marshal]] or [[General of the Army]].
* ''[[Sirdar (Egypt)|Sirdar]]'' was the official title of the British [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the Anglo-Egyptian army.
* The title ''[[Serdar (Ottoman rank)|Serdar]]'' is also common amongst [[Ottomans]] in referring to a Commander-in-Chief. The [[Serbs]] adopted this usage from the Ottomans (e.g. [[Janko Vukotić|Serdar Janko Vukotić]]).
* In Turkish, ''Serdar'' or ''Serdar-i-Ekrem'' was the title of the Commander-in-Chief in several military operations throughout the Ottoman Empire history.
* In Afghanistan, ''Sardar-i-Salar'' meant [[Field Marshal]] or [[General of the Army]].
* In Iran, ''[[Sardar (IRGC)|Sardar]]'' is used to address [[Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution]] high-ranking officers. (see [[List of senior officers of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards]])

==Modern usage==
* In [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[mountaineering]], a ''Sirdar'' is the local leader of the [[Sherpa people|Sherpas]] and porters.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sayre | first = Woodrow Wilson
| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Four Against Everest | publisher = Prentice-Hall
| year = 1964 | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA | url = | doi =
| id = Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 64-15208 | page = 223 }}</ref> Among other duties, he records the heights reached by individual Sherpas, which dictates the amounts the Sherpas will be paid.
* [[HMS Sirdar (P226)|HMS ''Sirdar'']] was a World War II [[Royal Navy]] submarine.
* "Siridar" is a title of planetary rulers in Frank Herbert's [[Dune (novel)|''Dune'']]. The [[Padishah]] [[Padishah Emperor|Emperor]]'s elite troops are also called the ''[[Sardaukar]]''.
* ''Sardar'' is also colloquially used to refer to adult male followers of the religion of [[Sikhism]], as a disproportionate number of Sikhs have honorably served in many high-ranking positions within the [[Indian Army]]. Notable examples include Generals [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]] and [[Harbaksh Singh]].

==See also==
* [[List of Ottoman Grand Viziers]]
* [[Mankari]]
* [[Zamindar]]
* [[Jagirdar]]
* [[Feudalism in Pakistan]]
* [[Balochistan]]
* [[Baloch tribes]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{EB1911}}

==External links==
[http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar18.htm The Royal Ark Genealogies- here Persia, see every present country]
{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web//http://www.uderc.com/files/KasurProfile1994 |date=* |title=Kasur Profile }}
*[http://www.dawn.com/2004/02/17/nat10.htm Article in Dawn]

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