Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{redirect|Shahanshah||Shah (disambiguation)|and|Shahanshah (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox | image = 120px | title = R..."

2017-03-25T10:39:20Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{redirect|Shahanshah||Shah (disambiguation)|and|Shahanshah (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox | image = 120px | title = R..."

Yeni sayfa

{{redirect|Shahanshah||Shah (disambiguation)|and|Shahanshah (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox
| image = [[File:Pahlavi Crown of Imperial Iran (heraldry).svg|120px]]
| title = [[Royal and noble ranks|Royal and noble ranks in Iran, Turkey, Caucasus, North West Pakistan and Afghanistan]]
| bodystyle = width: auto
| data1 = [[Emperor]]: [[Padishah]], Shahanshah<hr />
| data2 = [[High King]]<hr />
| data3 = [[King]]: [[Sultan]], [[Malik]], Shah, [[Khan (title)|Khan]]<hr />
| data4 = Royal [[Prince]] : Shahzada (''[[Şehzade]]''), [[Mirza]]
| data5 = Noble Prince : [[Sahibzada]]
| data6 = [[Nobleman]]: [[Nawab]], [[Baig]], [[Begzada]]
| data7 = Royal house : [[Damat]]
| data8 = Governmental : [[Lala (title)|Lala]], [[Agha (Ottoman Empire)|Agha]], [[Hazinedar]]
}}
'''Shah''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɑː}}; {{lang-fa|شاه|Šāh}}, pronounced {{IPA-fa|ʃɒːh|}}, "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of [[Iran]] (historically also known as Persia). It was also adopted by the kings of [[Shirvan]] (a historical [[History of Iran|Iranian]] region in [[Transcaucasia]]) namely the [[Shirvanshah]]s, the rulers and offspring of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (in that context spelled as ''Şeh''), [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperors of the [[Indian subcontinent religions|Indian Subcontinent]], the [[Bengal Sultanate]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA11 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |first=Perween |last=Hasan |date=2007 }}</ref> as well as in Afghanistan. In Iran (Persia and [[Greater Persia]]) the title was continuously used; rather than King in the European sense, each Persian ruler regarded himself as the ''Šāhanšāh'' (King of Kings) or Emperor of the Persian Empire.

The word descends from [[Old Persian]] ''xšāyaθiya'' "king", which (for reasons of historical phonology) must be a borrowing from [[Median language|Median]],<ref>[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/OldPersian/opcomplete.pdf An introduction to Old Persian] (p. 149). Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Harvard University. 2003.</ref> and is derived from the same root as [[Avestan]] ''xšaϑra-'', "power" and "command", corresponding to [[Sanskrit]] (Old Indic) ''kṣatra-'' (same meaning), from which ''[[Kshatriya|kṣatriya-]]'', "warrior", is derived. The full, [[Old Persian]] title of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] rulers of the First Persian Empire was ''Xšāyathiya Xšāyathiyānām'' or ''Šāhe Šāhān'', "King of Kings"<ref>Old Persian. Appendices, Glossaries, Indices & Transcriptions. Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Harvard University. 2003.</ref> or "Emperor". This word is commonly confused with the unrelated and distinct [[Shah (surname)|Indian surname ''Shah'']], which is derived from the Sanskrit ''Sadhu'' or ''Sahu'', meaning "gentleman".<ref>Shakespear, John. ''A Dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English, Nepali and Hindustani''. 3rd ed., much enlarged, London: Printed for the author by J. L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834, p. 1035</ref>

==History==
[[File:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], Shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, was the last ruler to hold the title of shah.]]
''Šāh'', or ''Šāhanšāh'' ([[King of Kings]]) to use the full-length term, was the title of the [[List of kings of Persia|Persian emperors]]. It includes rulers of the first Persian Empire, the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid dynasty]], who unified Persia and created a vast intercontinental empire, as well as rulers of succeeding dynasties throughout history until the twentieth century and the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Imperial House of Pahlavi]].

While the Ottoman Sultans never styled themselves as ''Shah'', but rather [[Sultan]], their male offspring received the title of ''[[Şehzade]]'', or prince (literally, "offspring of the Shah", from Persian ''shahzadeh'').

The full title of the Achaemenid rulers was ''Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām'', literally "King of Kings" in Old Persian, corresponding to [[Middle Persian]] ''Šāhān Šāh'', and Modern Persian {{lang|fa|شاهنشاه}} (''Šāhanšāh'').<ref>D. N. MacKenzie. ''A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary''. Routledge Curzon, 2005. ISBN 0-19-713559-5</ref><ref>M. Mo’in. ''An Intermediate Persian Dictionary. Six Volumes''. Amir Kabir Publications, Teheran, 1992.</ref> In [[Greek language|Greek]], this phrase was translated as {{lang|grc|βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλέων}} (''[[basileus]] tōn basiléōn''), "King of Kings", equivalent to "Emperor". Both terms were often shortened to their roots ''shah'' and ''basileus''.

In Western languages, ''Shah'' is often used as an imprecise rendering of ''Šāhanšāh''. The term was first recorded in English in 1564 as a title for the King of Persia and with the spelling ''Shaw''. For a long time, Europeans thought of ''Shah'' as a particular royal title rather than an imperial one, although the monarchs of Persia regarded themselves as emperors of the Persian Empire (later the [[Empire of Iran]]). The European opinion changed in the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an ally of the Western powers eager to make the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] Sultan release his hold on various (mainly Christian) [[Rumelia|European parts]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and western (Christian) emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as ''[[padishah]]''.

In the twentieth century, the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah of Persia]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], officially adopted the title {{lang|fa|شاهنشاه}} ''Šāhanšāh'' and, in western languages, the rendering ''Emperor''. He also styled his wife {{lang|fa|شهبانو}} ''[[shahbanu|Shahbānu]]'' ("Empress"). Iran no longer had a shah after the 1979 [[Islamic Revolution]].

==Ruler styles==
*From the reign of [[Ashot III of Armenia|Ashot III]] (952/53-77), the Bagratid kings of Armenia used the title ''shahanshah'', meaning "king of kings". <ref>Tim Greenwood, ''Emergence of the Bagratuni Kingdoms'', p52, in ''Armenian Kars and Ani'', Richard Hovannisian, ed.</ref>
*The title ''[[padishah]]'' ([[Great King]]) was adopted from the [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]s and by various other monarchs claiming imperial rank, such as the [[Mughals]] that established their dynasty in the Indian subcontinent.
*Another subsidiary style of the Ottoman and Mughal rulers was ''Shah-i-Alam Panah'', meaning "King, refuge of the world".
*The [[Shah-Armens]] ("Kings of Armenia", sometimes known as Ahlahshahs), used the title ''Shāh-i Arman'' (lit. "Shah of Armenia").<ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth "The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual". "The Shāh-i Armanids", p. 197.</ref>
*Some monarchs were known by a contraction of the kingdom's name with ''shah'', such as [[Khwarezmshah]], ruler of the short-lived Muslim realm of [[Khwarezmia]], or the [[Shirvanshah]] of the historical Iranian region of [[Shirvan]] (present-day [[Republic of Azerbaijan]])
*The kings of [[Georgian kings|Georgia]] called themselves ''shahanshah'' alongside their other titles.{{fact|date=February 2017}} Georgian title ''mepetmepe'' (also meaning King of Kings [''[[Mepe (title)|Mepe]]''-king in Georgian]) was also inspired by the ''shahanshah'' title.

==Shahzadeh==
''Shahzadeh'' ([[Persian language|Persian]] شاهزاده ''Šāhzādeh'' or ''[[Şehzade]]''). In the realm of a shah (or a more lofty derived ruler style), a [[Prince#Islamic traditions|prince]] or [[princess]] of the blood was logically called ''shahzada'' as the term is derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix ''[[Zadeh|-zādeh]]'' or ''[[Zada (suffix)|-zāda]]'', "born from" or "descendant of". However the precise full styles can differ in the court traditions of each shah's kingdom. This title was given to the princes of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (''[[Şehzade]]'', [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]: شاهزاده) and was used by the princes of the Mughal Empire in India. It is to be noted, however, that the Mughal royalty were not of Indian origin but of Mongol-Turkic origin and were heavily influenced by Persian culture,<ref name="Richards1995">{{citation |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=6 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}</ref><ref name="Schimmel2004">{{citation |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC |year=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |page=22 |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3}}</ref><ref name="Balabanlilar2012">{{citation |last=Balabanlilar |first=Lisa |title=Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PS6PrH3rtkC |date=15 January 2012 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |page=2 |isbn=978-1-84885-726-1}}</ref> a continuation of traditions and habits ever since Persian language was first introduced into the region by Persianised Turkic and Afghan dynasties centuries earlier.<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAWoVChMIs-fO2_aRxgIVygYsCh2NJgBM#v=onepage&q=persian%20language%20in%20anatolia&f=false ''History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century''] UNESCO, 1994. ISBN 9231028138 p 734</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=ghaznavids+brought+persian+to+south+asia&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=WSamVIHeGNLiavmygKAL&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=ghaznavids%20brought%20persian%20to%20south%20asia&f=false|title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny|accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref>

Thus, in [[Oudh]], only sons of the sovereign ''shah bahadur'' (see above) were by birth-right styled "Shahzada [personal title] [[Mirza]] [personal name] Bahadur", though this style could also be extended to individual grandsons and even further relatives. Other male descendants of the sovereign in the male line were merely styled "Mirza [personal name]" or "[personal name] Mirza". This could even apply to non-Muslim dynasties. For example, the younger sons of the ruling [[Sikh]] maharaja of Punjab were styled "Shahzada [personal name] Singh Bahadur".

The corruption ''shahajada'', "Shah's son", taken from the Mughal title Shahzada, is the usual princely title borne by the grandsons and male descendants of a [[Nepal]]ese sovereign, in the male line of the [[Shah dynasty]].

For the heir to a "Persian-style" shah's royal throne, more specific titles were used, containing the key element ''[[Vali Ahad]]'', usually in addition to ''shahzada'', where his junior siblings enjoyed this style.<ref>[http://beypeople.newsvine.com/_news/2012/09/10/13772724-shahzada-son-of-shah Shahzada son of shah], [[Newsvine]].com</ref>

==Other styles==
*''[[Shahbanu]]'' (Persian شهبانو, ''Šahbānū''): Persian term using the word ''shah'' and the Persian suffix ''-banu'' ("lady"): Empress, in modern times, the official title of [[Empress Farah Pahlavi]].
* Shahmam (Persian شهمام, "Šahmām") : Empress mother.
*''Shahdokht'' (Persian شاهدخت ''Šāhdoxt'') is also another term derived from ''shah'' using the Persian patronymic suffix ''-dokht'' "daughter, female descendant", to address the Princess of the imperial households.
*''Shahpur'' (Persian شاهپور ''Šāhpu:r'') also been derived from ''shah'' using the archaic Persian suffix ''-pur'' "son, male descendant", to address the Prince.
*''[[Şehzade]]'' ([[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]), ''(Persian شاهزاده): Ottoman Turkish termination for prince (lit; ''offspring of the Shah'') derived from Persian ''Shahzadeh''.

==Related terms==
*[[Satrap]], the term in Western languages for a governor of a Persian province, is a distortion of ''xšaθrapāvan'', literally "guardian of the realm", which derives from the word ''xšaθra'', an Old Persian word meaning "realm, province" and related etymologically to ''shah''.
*Maq'ad-i-Shah, (Persian مقعد شاه Maq'ad-i-Shah), the phrase from which the name of [[Mogadishu]] is believed to be derived, which means "seat of the Shah", a reflection of the city's early Persian influence.<ref name="Laitin">David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, ''Somalia: Nation in Search of a State'', (Westview Press: 1987), p. 12.</ref>
*The English word "check," in all senses, is in fact derived from "shah" (from Persian via Arabic, Latin and French). Related terms such as "checker" and "chess" and "exchequer" likewise originate from the Persian word, their modern senses having developed from the original meaning of the king piece.

==See also==
*Shah is a widespread name in India unrelated to and distinct from the Persian title of Shah. See [[Shah (surname)]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|shah}}
*[http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Shah#ixzz1SP60S1SF Last name: Shah] at surnamedb.com
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Iran.htm WorldStatesmen – here Iran; see each present country]
*[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=shah&searchmode=none Etymology OnLine]

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[[Category:Heads of state in Asia]]
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[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
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[[Category:Titles in Iran]]
[[Category:Titles in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Government of the Sasanian Empire]]
[[Category:Government of the Parthian Empire]]

Shah - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{redirect|Shahanshah||Shah (disambiguation)|and|Shahanshah (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox | image = 120px | title = R..."