95.96.224.186: Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Yörüks |popplace=Anatolia, Balkans |rels=Sunni Islam and Alevism |langs=Turkish |related=Turkish people and o..."

2017-05-24T18:02:24Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Yörüks |popplace=Anatolia, Balkans |rels=Sunni Islam and Alevism |langs=Turkish |related=Turkish people and o..."

Yeni sayfa

{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Yörüks
|popplace=[[Anatolia]], [[Balkans]]
|rels=[[Sunni Islam]] and [[Alevism]]
|langs=[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|related=[[Turkish people]] and other [[Turkic peoples]]
}}
{{Turkish people}}
The '''Yörüks''', also '''Yuruks''' or '''Yorouks''' ({{lang-tr|Yörükler}}; {{Lang-el|Γιουρούκοι}}, ''Youroúkoi''; {{lang-bg|юруци}}; {{lang-mk|Јуруци}}, ''juruci''), are a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] ethnic group,<ref>Vakalopoulos, Apostolos Euangelou. "'' Origins of the Greek Nation: The Byzantine Period, 1204-1461''". [[Rutgers University Press]], 1970. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y_ceAAAAMAAJ&dq=kailar+yuruks&hl=tr&pgis=1 ''web link''], [https://books.google.com/books?lr=&hl=tr&q=kailar+yuruks ''p. 163''], [https://books.google.com/books?hl=tr&q=%22On+the+Balkan%22+%22who+had+settled%22+Yuruks&btnG=Kitaplar%C4%B1+Ara ''p. 330'']</ref> some of whom are [[nomad]]ic, primarily inhabiting the mountains of [[Anatolia]], and partly in the [[Balkan peninsula]]. Their name derives from the Turkish verb yürü- (''yürümek'' in [[infinitive]]), which means "to walk", with the word ''yörük'' or ''yürük'' designating "those who walk on the hindlegs, walkers".<ref>[[Turkish Language Association]] - ''TDK Online Dictionary''. [http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%b6r%c3%bck ''Yorouk''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404021912/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%b6r%c3%bck |date=April 4, 2009 }}, [http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%bcr%c3%bck ''yorouk''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404021912/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%bcr%c3%bck |date=April 4, 2009 }} {{tr icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/yuruk "yuruk."] ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged.'' [[Merriam-Webster]]. 2002.</ref> Yörüks lived within the Yörük Sanjak ({{lang-tr|Yörük Sancağı}}) which was not a territorial unit like other [[sanjak]]s but a separate organisational unit of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="ЋирковићМихаљчић1999">{{cite book|author1=Сима Ћирковић|author2=Раде Михаљчић|title=Лексикон српског средњег века|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AypYAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 March 2013|year=1999|publisher=Knowledge|page=645|quote=Посебни санџак-бегови управљали су санџаци- ма који нису представљали територијалне, него само организационе јединице неких војничких и друштвених редова (војнуци, акинџије, Јуруци, Цигани)}}</ref><ref name="Matkovski1983">{{cite book|author=Aleksandar Matkovski|title=Otpor na Makedonija vo vremeto na turskoto vladeenje|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHBIAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=23 March 2013|year=1983|publisher=Misla|page=372|quote=Нај-голема организациона единица на таквите општествени редови како што биле војнуци, акинџии, Јуруци, Роми, Власи кои имале своја посебна организација и [...]}}</ref>

==Yörüks in Anatolia==
[[File:AlaDaglarYoruk.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Yörük shepherd in the [[Taurus Mountains]] in 2002.]]
Historians and ethnologists often use the additional appellative 'Yörük [[Oghuz Turks|Turcoman]]' or 'Turkmens' to describe the Yörüks of [[Anatolia]]. In Turkey's general parlance today, the terms "Türkmen" and "Yörük" indicate the gradual degrees of preserved attachment with the former semi-nomadic lifestyle of the populations concerned, with the "[[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]" now leading a fully sedentary life, while keeping parts of their heritage through folklore and traditions, in arts like carpet-weaving, with the continued habit of keeping a ''yayla'' house for the summers, sometimes in relation to the [[Alevi]] community etc. and with Yörüks maintaining a yet stronger association with nomadism. These names ultimately hint to their [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] roots. The remaining transhumant or "true" Yörüks of today's Anatolian region traditionally use the camel{{Citation needed|reason=Deserts?|date=October 2016}} as a means of transportation, though these are steadily being replaced by trucks.

The Yörüks are divided in a large number of named endogamous patrilineal tribes (aşiret). Among recent tribes mentioned in the literature are Aksigirli, Ali Efendi, Bahsıs, Cakallar, Coşlu, Qekli, Gacar, Güzelbeyli, Horzum, Karaevli, Karahacılı, Karakoyunlu, Karakayalı, Karalar, Karakecili, Manavlı, Melemenci, San Agalı, Sanhacılı, Sarıkeçili, Tekeli and Yeni Osmanlı. The tribes are splittered in clans or lineages, i.e. ''kabile'', ''sülale'' or ''oba''.<ref>Materialia Turcica, vol. 5-8, Studienverlag Brockmeyer., 1981, p.25</ref>

==Yörüks in the Balkans==

In 1911, the Yörük were distinct segment of the population of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Thrace]] where they settled as early as the 14th century.{{sfn|Bourchier|1911|p=217}} An earlier offshoot of the Yörüks, the Kailar or Kayılar Turks, were amongst the first settlements in Europe.{{citation needed|date=December 2016|reason=this second sentence was covered by a citation to "Bourchier 1911" (EB1911), but it does not support this sentence.}}

===Yörüks and Sarakatsani===
Their nomadic way of life and the fact that they spread through the Balkans led [[Arnold van Gennep]] to try to establish a connection between the Yörüks and the ethnically [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Sarakatsani]] ({{Lang-el|Σαρακατσάνοι}}) or Karakachans of [[Greece]].<ref>Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook By David Levinson page 41 :” Sarakatsani are Greek-speaking people in northwestern Greece and southern Bulgaria. They number less than 100 thousand , are ethnically Greek, speak Greek, and are Greek orthodox.”</ref> However, the Sarakatsani when for the first time mentioned under this name were [[Orthodox Christian]]s and speaking [[Greek language|Greek]]. While there are no actual linguistic or religious links to the Yörük, there are nevertheless connections and similarities as to the transhumant, nomadic way of life.<ref name="gennep">{{cite book| last=Kavadias| first=Georges B.| year=1965| title=Pasteurs-Nomades Mediterraneens: Les Saracatsans de Grèce| publisher=Gauthier-Villars| language=French| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ID4BAAAAMAAJ| accessdate=2008-11-17| quote=Gennep T, les considère (mais à titre d'hypothèse) comme des descendants des Turcs, installés dans le pays.| page=6}}</ref>

===Kayılar Yörüks===
[[File:Kailar First Settlers.jpg|thumb|right|180px|The first settlements of Kayılar Yörüks in Erdemuş]]
The [[Kailar]] Turks formerly inhabited parts of [[Thessaly]] and [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] (especially near the town of [[Kozani]] and modern [[Ptolemaida]]). Before 1360, large numbers of nomad shepherds, or Yörüks, from the district of [[Konya]], in [[Asia Minor]], had settled in the country; their descendants are still known as "Konariotes" in Greek. Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to the middle of the 18th century. After the establishment of the feudal system in 1397 many of the Seljuk noble families came over from Asia Minor; some of the beys or Muslim landowners in southern Macedonia before the Balkan Wars may have been their descendants.<{{sfn|Bourchier|1911|p=217}}

==Yörüks in Iran==
Clans closely related to the Yörüks are scattered throughout the Anatolian peninsula and beyond its boundaries, particularly around the chain of [[Taurus Mountains]] and further east around the shores of the [[Caspian sea]]. Of the Turcomans of [[Iran]], the Yomuts come the closest to the definition of the Yörüks. An interesting offshoot of the Yörük mass are the Tahtadji of the mountainous regions of Western Anatolia who, as their name implies, have been occupied with forestry work and wood craftsmanship for centuries. Despite this, they share similar traditions (with markedly matriarchal tones in their society structure) with their other Yörük cousins. The [[Qashqai people|Qashqai]] people of southern Iran are also worthy of mention due to their shared characteristics.{{what|date=July 2014}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
|[[Lütfullah Kayalar]], a [[bey]] family of Yörüks of [[Kailar]]
File:Kailar baby.jpg|Kailar (Kayılar), Yörük baby in traditional ''taç''
File:DAVIS(1879) p010 YOUROUK ENCAMPMENT IN THE TAURUS.jpg|Yörük camp in the [[Taurus Mountains]], c. 1879
File:PSM V43 D200 Yuruk encampment.jpg|Yörük encampment, c. 1893
File:II.selim tugra.jpg|Sultan [[Selim II]]'s [[tughra]] for Kailar Yörüks in the [[Ottoman Archives]]
File:Kayalar ilk meskunları (firs stalments of Kailar).jpg|The first settlements of Kailar Yörüks in Erdemuş
File:Kayalar merkez cuma pzrı ilk yerleşenler.jpg|Kailar Yörüks in center of Kailar as a formal name of Cuma Pazarı
File:Ferman iki sayfa.jpg|Sultan [[Selim II]]'s [[firman (decree)|firman]] for Kailar Yörüks
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Qashqai people]]

==Notes==
{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Brailsford, H.N. ''Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future''. Methuen & Co., London, 1906. [http://www.promacedonia.org/en/hb/hb_4_6.html ''Kailar Turks'']
* Cribb, Roger. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TFnE3YQ6VjsC&pg=PP1&dq=Nomads+in+Archaeology&sig=F-KD57LpUwUYIogpk9SQQAJWp6Y ''Nomads in Archaeology.''] [[Cambridge University Press]], 2004.

'''Attribution'''
*{{EB1911 |last=Bourchier |first=James David |wstitle=Macedonia |volume=17 |pages=216–222}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|yörük}}
{{commons category|Yörük}}
*[http://www.yorukler.com Web portal for information sharing on and between Yörüks]
*[https://groups.yahoo.com/group/turkc-l/message/97 The disappearing Yörük and their music]
*[http://www.yorturkvakfi.com Foundation of Yörüks in Turkey]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yorouk}}

[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Pastoralists]]
[[Category:Ethnic Turkish people]]
[[Category:Turkic tribes]]

Yörüks - Değişiklik geçmişi

95.96.224.186: Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Yörüks |popplace=Anatolia, Balkans |rels=Sunni Islam and Alevism |langs=Turkish |related=Turkish people and o..."